Women s Right Movement And Feminism - 2394 Words

Women’s Right Movement and Feminism in the 20th Century Women have always experienced inequality however there has always been a fight for equality. Feminism is â€Å"the advocacy of women s rights on the grounds of political, social, and economic equality to men†, the belief, attitude and action that work toward women’s rights and the equality between men and women. Dorothy Smith (born July 6, 1926), a Canadian sociologist with research interests, besides in sociology, in many disciplines including women s studies, psychology, and educational studies, coined this term when she studied the patterns of social inequality based on gender (http://schoolworkhelper.net/). Feminism is generally separated into three different waves; the first wave of feminism advocated for the women’s right to vote and women’s role in politics, the second wave of feminism focused on sexuality, reproductive rights, the fight for women in other countries, the third wave of feminism focused on the notion of ‘universal womanhoodâ₠¬â„¢, body, gender, sexuality and heteronormativity. Without the feminist movement, women’s rights/lives would be significantly different, perhaps non-existent. First Wave The first wave of feminism took place in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Originally, the goal of this wave was the promotion of equal contract and property rights for women and the opposition to chattel marriage and ownership of married women and children by their husbands. The goal changed by the end ofShow MoreRelatedFeminism And Its Impact On Women s Rights Movement Essay1586 Words   |  7 Pages Growing up, misconceptions of feminism lead me to reject the idea quickly. Identifying myself as a feminist made me uncomfortable since it evoked the image of a troop of an angry man-hating, unattractive women. When signing up for classes for senior year, I wanted to pick classes of interest to me, but sadly those classes were filled up, leaving me with no choice to enroll in a Gender Studies class. Unexpectedly, I never met with a mass of enraged women spewing hate towards males; rather it wasRead MoreWomen s Rights And The Feminism Movement Essay1675 Words   |  7 Pagessociety where women were treated second to men there was clear outrage by women. In the early twentieth century men played the public role in society they worked, they made up the government, and they also got to own property and vote. Whereas women had the private role in society at this time, they were supposed to stay at home and clean, cook, and take care of the children. The women of this time were sick of be ing treated a step lower than men, which started the creation of women’s rights and the feminismRead MoreThree Waves Of Feminism Essay1406 Words   |  6 PagesWaves Of Feminism Seeing the title the first thing that comes to our mind is â€Å" What is Feminism†? feminism is a belief where a woman s needs and their contributions are valued. It’s based on the social, political and economical equality for women. It is also described as a movement. Where women are fighting for their right since evolution. Now, what about the word â€Å"wave†? The word â€Å"wave† which categorizes feminism because it illustrates the forward motion- of the women s movements. It helpsRead MoreDoes Feminism Create Equality?1037 Words   |  5 PagesDoes Feminism Create Equality? Feminism is an umbrella term for people who think there is something wrong with the idea that gender has the capability to limit an individual’s social and political right. Even if there is inequality between men and women, feminism has never been the main reason to give women their civil rights. Feminism started among European activists in the 19th century, when women were not treated equally and were not elected to high positions of power. Indeed, it sought to eliminateRead MoreFeminism : Women s Role1541 Words   |  7 Pages Feminism has had a tremendous result on women’s roles in society and in their everyday life. After a while, women got sick of living a strict lifestyle. They became tired of staying caged in their houses, cooking, and cleaning, and not being able to do what they truly wanted and so desired. So, they decided that they wanted this no more and needed to do something to put a stop to this and make change. What they really wanted was equality between men and women and wanted the same opportunities thatRead MoreThe Second Wave Of Feminism799 Words   |  4 Pagessecond wave of feminism (in the 1960’s and 1970’s) successful in achieving equality for women?† The essay is introduced by describing why the second wave of feminism developed and the aims of this second wave of feminist. The essay is broken into two parts. The first part of the essay discusses the impact of women s rights activist on legislation. It is argued that the second wave feminist were unsucces sful in gaining equality in terms of obtaining equal wages and opportunities for women in the workplaceRead MoreFinally, Black Feminism Highlights The Unique Experiences1232 Words   |  5 PagesFinally, Black feminism highlights the unique experiences of Black women, but it lies in its commitment to justice, not just for Black women but for that of other similarly oppressed groups. An essential idea within Black feminism is intersectionality in that they argue that race, class, gender, sexuality, etc. are bound together (Garcia, 2016). In other words, white women and black women do not share identical experiences, despite all being female. Likewise, a middle-class black woman has a differentRead MoreThe Three Waves of Feminism1223 Words   |  5 PagesThe Three Big Waves of Feminism First-Wave Feminism: Women’s Right to Vote In 1776, the then First Lady of the United States was the first to raise her about women’s rights, telling her husband to â€Å"remember the ladies† in his drafting of new laws, yet it took more than 100 years for men like John Adams to actually do so. With the help of half a dozen determined, and in this case white upper-middle-class, women the first-wave feminism, which spans from the 19th century to the early 20th centuryRead MoreThe First Wave Of Feminism767 Words   |  4 PagesAssignment – What is feminism? Describe how it has evolved in the United States and include the three phases. The belief that men and women should have equal rights and opportunities organized activity in support of woman s rights and interests The first wave of feminism took place in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, emerging out of an environment of urban industrialism and liberal, socialist politics. The goal of this wave was to open up opportunities for women, with a focus onRead MoreCritically Examine How Black Feminism Emerged And Assess1229 Words   |  5 PagesBlack feminism emerged and assess its impact on contemporary feminist theory. Answer with reference to intersectionality and ‘difference . feminism means the equality between men and women in social, political and social standing. There are many different types of feminism that women have adopted that they best feel aligns with their perspectives of the world. This essay will mainly be focusing black feminism that was developed in the 1960s. The essay will examine why the black feminism movement

Cultural Integration And Cultural Assimilation - 988 Words

As we are furthering our international development and advancements in our economy, policy, and technology, it is essential that we seek an understanding of our culture and the ones around us. The further the advancements, the greater the demand is for us to apprehend the importance of the factors and outcomes of cultural assimilation and how it is all influenced by spears of culture. Cultural assimilation occurs fully when the foreign members of a host society becomes indistinguishable from the existing group. Cultural assimilation is something that is, to an extent, inevitable to an individual that emigrates from an area of a different culture who seeks long-term residency in a new host country. As globalization and acculturation is becoming more prominent, culture identity becomes tenuous and forgotten. The concentration of this research will be to what extent is cultural assimilation ineluctable. When looking at the clash of cultures, it is difficult to say that it is possible for a new member to come to a balance of adapting their culture and being able to maintain their mother culture. Roughly 2% of the world’s population resides in a country where they are not born (Census, 2011). We are encompassed by diversity. Globalization and diversity fosters societal progression. Because of this, we must understand the concept of cultural assimilation because it directly influences our lives. Nonetheless, the focus question surrounds the extent of cultural assimilation. TheShow MoreRelatedCultural Integration And Cultural Assimilation1038 Words   |  5 PagesCultural Assimilation is a procedure by which a person’s culture is transformed by another culture. Throughout the world, many cultures are being assimilated into the Western way of life. The cultures of ethnic groups in the United States and other countries are constantly influenced by the Western culture through movies, singers, clothing brands, food companies, and new technology inventions. Immigrants are expected to resemble the dominant culture in terms of norms, behavior and values. The threeRead MoreBasics Concepts of Unity and Integration807 Words   |  4 PagesBASICS CONCEPTS OF UNITY AND INTEGRATION Unity is generally known as the united of different social and cultural backgrounds, into one physical entity. National unity is one of the targets of government policies in task to promote the greater integration amongst different race, different background of country’s committees. The unity of the country will be exist when the sharing of power, a democratic government sound economic distribution and cultural tolerance were found. For example, in MalaysiaRead MoreMigrant Writers And The Migrant Condition1401 Words   |  6 Pagesquestions that all translators face. The migrant writer when addressing the migrant condition may address cultural concepts or objects that do not exist as a perfect replica in the adopting cultural schema. In such conditions, the migrant writer must make decisions regarding the adequacy of their cultural formulations. These decisions take into account the necessity of the foreign nature of the cultural artifact and the necessity of the intended au dience’s ability to understand the formulation. This decisionRead MoreThe Issue Of Immigration Has Been On The Forefront Major Debates1684 Words   |  7 PagesThroughout America’s history, the issue of immigration has been on the forefront major debates. Immigration is among one of the most stimulating topics of discussion. Often when discussing immigration the question of assimilation also arises and whether or not immigrants are truly doing so. Since the beginning of this country, immigrants and even natives of the land have been pressured to assimilate to â€Å"American† Culture and to commit to its standards. When a group of people fail to assimilate toRead MoreThe Changing Nature Of The Policies Introduced By The Australian Governments1248 Words   |  5 Pagesremoving their children, white people stole Aboriginal people’s future. The children s language, tradition, knowledge, dances and spirituality were all stolen from them as there was no one to teach them about their cultural background. In corrupting the chances of gaining their cultural heritage, white people hoped to end Aboriginal culture within a short amount of time and get rid of â€Å"the Aboriginal problem†. There were new policies introduced in later years that advantaged and disadvantaged theRead MoreThe Poston Biracial Identity Development Model1742 Words   |  7 PagesModel. This model is focused for individuals that identify with multiple racial or ethnic groups. The stages of this model are the personal identity stage, choice of group categorization stage, enmeshment/denial stage, appreciation stage, and the integration stage. The personal identity stage is when an individual is independent of race or ethnicity. When I was in elementary school probably around 5 or 6 years old I showed part in this stage as I was naà ¯ve of the thought that people could be segregatedRead MoreImmigrant Assimilation And Associated Implications With A Strong Focus O n The World Of Psychology1677 Words   |  7 Pagesbeing separated with their culture, unfamiliar aspects of life and uncertainty. Many researchers have studied the assimilation process regarding the best approach and causal factors that may interfere in doing so. Although the literature presents acculturation in a variety of contexts, this literature review’s primarily focus will be on suggested approaches for immigrant assimilation and associated implications with a strong focus on the work of John Berry. First of all, it is imperative to getRead MoreThe Word Assimilation785 Words   |  4 PagesThe word assimilation has many different meanings. Its interpretations range from the digesting of nutrients to the transfer of similar sounds. However, when sifting through the various definitions of assimilation, there is one concept that always seems to stand out. No matter what the source is or how it’s worded, there is almost always a reference to cultural groups. Whether it’s the acceptance of a group or the alteration of it, the customs of contrasting cultures continuously come up. One suchRead MoreWhy Hmong Families Left Laos1323 Words   |  5 Pagesagainst the Pathet Lao, the communist faction in the country. When the Vietnam War ended and the U.S. pulled out of the region, the Pathet Lao took control of Laos and persecuted the Hmong for being disloyal (Fadiman 1997). Hmong resisted forced assimilation at the hands of the communist government by fleeing to temporary refugee camps that had be setup for refugees crossing into Thailand. The trek from Laos to Thailand was a long and perilous journey that May Lee describes as the scariest momentRead MoreAssimilation And Immigrants : A New Understanding Of Cultural Framework, And Learning Appropriate Behavior Expectations1420 Words   |  6 PagesCultural assimilation is the process in which the immigrants adopt or integrate their values, beliefs, and attitudes to fit better into the host nation (Scott, 2014). It is can include acquiring a new language, a new understanding of cultural framework, and learning appropriate behaviour expectations. The process of assimilation does not have to mean a complete replacement of the older culture. Instead, the process can be used in varying success by the integration of various parts of the host culture

Systematic Unsystematic Risk Determinants †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Questions: Explaining How Risk Of Shares Can Be Calculated By The Standard Deviation? Explaining How Adding More Shares To A Portfolio Can Affect The Risk Return? Explaining If One Of The Two Assets Is Risk Free Asset Then Identifying The Calculation Of Risk From Two Assets? Explaining The Distinction Between Systematic And Unsystematic Risk? Answers: Introducation The overall standard deviation is mainly calculated with the help of mathematical measurement, which directly averages the overall variance of the returns provided by the stock. Moreover standard deviation is also identified as the Dispersion of the set of data from its mean. this could eventually help in calculating as a square root of the variance that is derived from the return. The overall standard deviation mainly helps in identifying the volatility that a stock could have from the average return projected yearly. There are different types of data that is evaluated with the help of standard deviation, if the data point is further from the mean there is higher deviation and volatility in stock. Standard deviation is used in identifying the historical volatility of a stock, which could directly help in detecting the overall variations and returns that could be projected from an investment (Adamczyk et al. 2014). From the evaluation of the article Simon Hoyles there is no explanation on the risk factor, if overall investor decides to buy more shares. However, buying of different stocks mainly helps in diversifying the overall portfolio, which acts as an adequate hedging measure that could increase return from investment and reduce the negative impact of capital marketing volatility. Hence, use of more shares could eventually help in improving the relevant returns that could be generated from portfolio. Investors mainly use more than one stock in a portfolio by evaluating the correlation and coefficient condition. This evaluation of the overall correlation and coefficient condition mainly helps in identifying stocks that have negative correlation with each other. This could eventually help in reducing the risk from investment. Furthermore, the evaluation of the standard deviation is also essential, as it helps in portraying the overall risk from investment. Cho, et al. (2017) mentioned that in vestors with the help of correlation coefficient are able to select stocks that could nullify the negative impact from capital market. The overall standard deviation equation mainly uses two different types of Assets and the risk factor for determining the overall portfolio risk. Therefore, if one of the assets in the portfolio is risk free asset, then the standard deviation for one asset will be zero. This will mainly indicate that the overall standard deviation equation will portray only the risk of one stock and neglect the risk free return risk. Theequation will mainly reduce to zero after the stock weight is multiplied by standard deviation. Hence, it could be understood that risk of the portfolio will only come on one assets weight and standard deviation, if the other stock is risk free asset. A?t- Bodie (2013) mentioned that investors by using the risk free asset in portfolio are mainly able to reduce the risk from investment and generate higher returns. On the other hand, Sahalia and Felix (2015) argued that risk free asset provides a constant return and there is no chance of progress, where investors cannot hop on the rising return provided from the capital market. The risk that remains after using the diversification is mainly known as market risk, which directly attributes to the market risk source. These types of risk are also known as systematic risk or non-diversifiable risk, which cannot be reduced by the investors. There are different types of risk that can be mitigated by investors with adequate diversification methods.These kinds of risks are mainly termed as unique risk, firm specific risk, non-systematic risk, and diversifiable risk. Waemustafa and Suriani (2016) mentioned that identification of systematic and unsystematic risk would eventually help investors to take a relative steps in mitigating the overall unsystematic risk. The use of adequate diversification methods investors is able to reduce the unsystematic risk or diversifiable risk from the investment. On the other hand, Marshall (2015) argued that systematic risk cannot be reduced with the help of diversification, which directly increases the business of loss for an invest or. Calculating returns and SD of Asset A and B: Asset Expected return Standard deviation A B C A 11.50% 23% 1 0.25 0.4 B 14.00% 43% 0.25 1 0.15 C 18.00% 58% 0.4 0.15 1 Portfolio 1 Weight Expected return Standard deviation Weight 2 Expected return 2 A 40% 11.50% 23.00% 16.00% 1.32% B 60% 14.00% 43.00% 36.00% 1.96% Portfolio expected return 13.0% Variance 1.11% Portfolio standard deviation 10.54% Calculating returns and SD of Asset A, B and C: Portfolio 1 Weight Expected return Standard deviation A 60.00% 11.50% 23.00% B 22.50% 14.00% 43.00% C 17.50% 18.00% 58.00% Portfolio expected return 13.2% Variance 8.03% Portfolio standard deviation 28.33% Explaining the difference between risk and return of Portfolio 1 and 2: The overall portfolio 1 mainly has less risk, as the there are only two stocks in the portfolio, which has been adequately hedge. The portfolio comprises of 60% risky asset, while 40% lower risk assets is been used in the portfolio, which makes the portfolio SD at 10.54% and return at 13%. The portfolio 2 mainly consists of 3 stocks, where the weight f the portfolio is conducted on stock A, which has the least risk. However, portfolio 2 has a higher risk and return from investment. Therefore, the portfolio 2 can yield a higher return from investment by increasing risk of the investors. Calculating returns and SD of Asset A, B and F: Portfolio 1 Weight Expected return Standard deviation Weight 2 Expected return 2 A 4.80% 11.50% 23.00% 0.23% 1.32% B 75.00% 14.00% 43.00% 56.25% 1.96% F 20.20% 9.90% 4.08% 0.98% Portfolio expected return 13.1% Variance 1.13% Portfolio standard deviation 10.65% Calculating returns and SD of Asset A, B and C: Portfolio 1 Weight Expected return Standard deviation A 33.33% 11.50% 23.00% B 33.33% 14.00% 43.00% C 33.33% 18.00% 58.00% Portfolio expected return 14.5% Variance 11.54% Portfolio standard deviation 33.96% Calculating returns and SD of Asset A, B, C and F: Portfolio 1 Weight Expected return Standard deviation A 25.00% 11.50% 23.00% B 25.00% 14.00% 43.00% C 25.00% 18.00% 58.00% F 25.00% 9.90% Portfolio expected return 13.4% Variance 6.49% Portfolio standard deviation 25.47% The overall evaluation of portfolio 3, 4 and 5 mainly indicates that the returns provided by portfolio 4 is relatively higher due to the high risk involved in investment. Moreover, the portfolio 5 has the least medium risk, while higher returns from investment. This is mainly due to the non incorporation of risk free assets in the portfolio. The portfolio 4 does not incorporate any of risk free asset in the portfolio, which is directly increasing the SD to 33.96%, while portfolio 5 has a SD of 25.47%. The least SD is mainly portrayed by portfolio 3, where there are only two risky stocks and one risk free asset. This mainly reduces the risk of the portfolio substantially, while the relative return also decreases. Therefore, investors according to their risk taking nature could choose different portfolio to suit their return needs. References: Adamczyk, L., J. K. Adkins, G. Agakishiev, M. M. Aggarwal, Z. Ahammed, I. Alekseev, J. Alford et al. "Beam energy dependence of moments of the net-charge multiplicity distributions in Au+ Au collisions at RHIC." psychology review letters113, no. 9 (2014): 092301. A?t-Sahalia, Yacine, and Felix HA Matthys. "Robust portfolio optimization with jumps." (2015). Bodie, Zvi.Investments. McGraw-Hill, 2013. Cho, Woohyun, Woohyun Cho, Jian-yu Fisher Ke, Jian-yu Fisher Ke, Chaodong Han, and Chaodong Han. "An empirical examination of the direct and indirect effects of geographic diversification on stock market and financial performances of multinational corporations."International Journal of Physical Distribution Logistics Management47, no. 6 (2017): 495-515. Marshall, Cara M. "Isolating the systematic and unsystematic components of a single stocks (or portfolios) standard deviation."Applied Economics 47, no. 1 (2015): Waemustafa, Waeibrorheem, and Suriani Sukri. "Systematic and unsystematic risk determinants of liquidity risk between Islamic and conventional banks." (2016).

Problems Resulting From The Fall Of Communism Essays - Communism

Problems Resulting From The Fall Of Communism The collapse of communism in Eastern Europe and in The Soviet Union has presented an array of new opportunities but also problems for much of this region. Although, with this collapse the opportunity arises to establish a democratic government and a market economy exists, the process has shown to be a slow one. With the attempt to restore civil liberties and the hope of enjoying the standard of living similar to that of Western Europe, communist parties are still in existence (under new names and titles), and Eastern Europe is still struggling to become free both economically and politically. The problems facing Eastern Europe and The Soviet Union are both political and economic. First, economically this region is falling apart. Unemployment is widespread and most of the plants and factories run by the communists are gone. As a result of being poor and unemployed, hundreds of thousands of people have migrated from Eastern to Western Europe in hopes of finding work. This has led to much resentment, especially from countries such as Germany. Outbreaks of opposition and physical violence have erupted leading to increased ethnic tension. In turn, immigration is being restricted in many of the Western countries. In addition to the economic troubles, there is an environmental effect. Many of the closed down plants and factories are so polluting that they have left many areas virtually unlivable. This pollution has left the former communist nations with some of the worst environmental problems in the world. This has in turn contributed to the immigration problem. 2 The nations of Western Europe, facing high costs themselves related to the collapse of communism, are hesitant to send any relief funds to the East. This is especially true in Germany, where costs of their own unification have been very high. East Germany and West Germany are still at odds over state aid that has been mostly directed to the East. Other parts of Europe, being in an economic slump themselves lack the resources to aid Eastern Europeans. A fear that Eastern Europe's economic difficulties could negatively affect their own economy, has also led to a fear of economic integration. Political challenges are also a major problem resulting from the collapse of communism. Civil war continues to be seen in Yugoslavia and ethnic violence occurs daily. The Czechs and the Slovaks divided Czechoslovakia into two separate nations in 1993. The liberty and freedom offered by the end of a communist government has tended to be mostly for the pursuit of personal ethnic goals which in turn has led to turmoil. After World War II, West Germany and Austria developed strong democratic governments but because of strong communist histories, other nations have not followed suit. They continue to resist a democracy, settling instead as distinct political units. They do not realize that with disorder, economic stagnation and ethnic competition, a democracy cannot be successful. The collapse of European communism has had other implications as well. It has put a halt to the development of European socialism. After the 1870's, Marxism dominated Europe. The Bolshevik victory validated it and the policies of Lenin and Stalin 3 extended the ideas all throughout Europe. Now, with communism over, the economic and political socialist policies and ideas have collapsed. As a result, Marxism and socialism in general has basically been discredited. It has been and will be very difficult for these former communist nations, after being under a socialist premise for so long, to realize the benefits of markets, economic decentralization and political democracy. In addition, the fall of communism has profoundly altered international relations with Europe. With the Warsaw Pact gone, NATO is in need of reform. NATO, with the primary function to deter Soviet attack on Western Europe, has now become outdated. Many believe it should be kept alive to prevent international disorder but it has failed to play an effective role in Yugoslavia. This has left doubts as to its effectiveness to aid in problems that occur in Europe. There is also the problem with Russia's disapproval regarding the expansion of NATO. Many Eastern European nations now want to be a part of NATO for future protection but because of Russia's strong disapproval for the expansion, this must be done slowly and carefully. In conclusion, the collapse of communism has presented opportunity but also disarray in much of Europe. Governmental and economic tension continue to plague this region. The process of political and economic turn around is proving to be a very long, slow process. However, it would be a clear mistake to only discuss the fall of communism in terms of economic

Industrial Revolution and Architecture essays

Industrial Revolution and Architecture essays Siegfried Giedion's book about the effects of the Industrial Revolution upon humanity's personal and social space, and the discipline of architecture as a whole, is entitled Mechanization Takes Command. In his title, Giedion suggests that human beings' intimate surroundings were completely permeated and transmuted by the forces of mechanization, as generated by the mass industrialization of production and society. Ironically, the forces of humanity created the machine. The machine was supposed to make human life easier. But instead, human life and human speed has become subordinate to the pace and confining discipline of the machine-based modalities of production. In fact, Gideon believes that because mechanization sprang entirely from the mind of man, it is more dangerous and less easily controlled than natural forces since it reacts on the senses and the mind of its creator in a way that natural forces do not. The equilibrium of the human body, which requires a certain state of nature to function at its best is instead subjected to machinesfor instance, workers must put on extra clothes to keep warm in offices that are kept cool for the computer machinery present. Or, they are subjected to the heat of the assembly line, working in the dark to produce far more goods then they need in huge factories. Spaces to produce grow larger and less decorated, as machines need more room and cannot take delight in art. Spaces that human beings occupy grow smaller as they are piled into apartments, to live in small and enclosed cities, to serve machines, and human beings are denied the time and leisure to produce works of beauty that are individual, to add delight to their increasingly small surroundings. Even amenities, such as ornate dressings' to rooms and clothing are now purchased from mass-producing factories, rather than made by the individ...

PSAT Score Needed for National Merit Scholarship

PSAT Score Needed for National Merit Scholarship SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Each year more than1.5 million juniors take the PSATin the hopes of qualifyingfor the National Merit Scholarship Program. But what score do they need to earnSemifinalist distinction? In this guide,we'll let you know whatPSAT score you need to qualify for Semifinalist status in your state and potentially move on to win a National Merit scholarship. What's a Good Score for National Merit Scholarship? The exact PSAT score for National Merit consideration varies from year to year and by state, but it's alwaysthe top 1% of students (about 16,000 juniors) who qualify as Semifinalists.About 15,000 students in this group then move on to become National Merit Finalists and win scholarship money. To be named a Semifinalist, youneed to score in the top 1% of yourstate - not the whole country. What scores do you need to qualify?To answer this question, you must first understand how the PSAT is scored. The PSAT is scoredfrom 320 to 1520.In addition to thatcompositescore, your score report will tell you yourtest scores forMath, Reading, and Writing and Language. These scores fall between 8 and 38. For National Merit eligibility, these are the most important score types. NMSC adds each section test scoretogether and then multiplies the sum by 2 to create a National Merit Selection Index Score. The resulting Selection Indexscore determines your National Merit eligibility. For example, let's sayyou got a 31 on Math, a 32 on Reading, and a 30 on Writing and Language. The sum of these subscores comes out to 93. You would then multiply this by 2toget your Selection Index Score: 186. In equation form, it looks like this: (31 + 32 + 30) * 2 = 186. Unfortunately, a Selection Index of 186 doesn'tqualify for National Merit Semifinalist status. What score do you need, then, to achieve this recognition? Read on for the full list of National Merit cutoffs in each state. Want to improve your PSAT score by 150 points? We have the industry's leading PSAT prep program. Built by Harvard grads and SAT full scorers, the program learns your strengths and weaknesses through advanced statistics, then customizes your prep program to you so that you get the most effective prep possible. Check out our 5-day free trial today: Qualifying Score for National Merit Semifinalistby State We've compiled a list of the qualifying scores for National Merit Semifinalist by state. These cutoffs applied tostudents who took the redesigned PSAT in the fall of 2017. State Selection Index Alabama 216 Alaska 215 Arizona 220 Arkansas 214 California 223 Colorado 221 Connecticut 222 Delaware 222 DC 223 Florida 219 Georgia 220 Hawaii 220 Idaho 214 Illinois 221 Indiana 219 Iowa 216 Kansas 218 Kentucky 218 Louisiana 217 Maine 217 Maryland 223 Massachusetts 223 Michigan 219 Minnesota 220 Mississippi 215 Missouri 217 Montana 214 Nebraska 216 Nevada 218 New Hampshire 219 New Jersey 223 New Mexico 215 New York 221 North Carolina 220 North Dakota 212 Ohio 219 Oklahoma 215 Oregon 221 Pennsylvania 220 Rhode Island 220 South Carolina 216 South Dakota 215 Tennessee 219 Texas 221 Utah 215 Vermont 216 Virginia 222 Washington 222 West Virginia 212 Wisconsin 216 Wyoming 212 Average Score 218 As you can see, scores vary depending on where you take the test. National Merit Index Selection Cutoffsregularly vary a few points between years, so aim to achieve a score at least 2-5 points higher than the predicted cutoff for your state! What Does This Mean for You? What Should Your Target PSAT Score Be? If you haven't taken the PSAT yet, then you can use the above chart to set target PSAT scores. Let's say you live in Nebraska. To be named a Semifinalist, you'll need a Selection Index score of 216. What scores do you need on each section of the PSAT to achieve this score? As you read above, your Selection Index equals the sum of your section scores (between 8 and 38) multiplied by 2. To figure out what PSAT scores you need based on your state's cutoff,simply work backward. As a Nebraska resident, your first step will be todivide Nebraska's cutoff score by 2: 216 / 2 = 108 Now, split 108 into three: 108 / 3 = 36 To get a Selection Index of 216, you'd need a 36 on each of the three sections (Math, Reading, and Writing and Language). Of course, youdon't have to set your target scores equally among the three sections. If you're especially strong at verbal skills, for example, you could instead aim for 38s on both Reading and Writing and a 32 in Math. Once you have a sense of what scores you'll need to meet your state's cutoff score, distribute them however you like based on your own academic strengths and weaknesses.Again, you can set target PSAT scores by dividing your state's cutoff in half and then splitting that quotient into three scores, each on a scale of 8-38. As mentioned above, the state cutoffs vary slightly from year to year depending on how students do on the PSAT. If you're really serious about getting named National Merit Semifinalist, then you should aim to score a little higher than this year's cutoff. By setting a goal for each section and devoting some time each week to prepping for the PSAT, you can achieve your goals and put yourself in the best position to earn a National Merit distinction. What’s Next? Are you taking the PSAT this year or next? Learn all about the newly redesigned test. Hoping to get the National Merit Scholarship?Get expert tips onhow to become a Semifinalist and how to win the scholarship. Are you interested in applying to othercollege scholarships? Read abouthow to get merit scholarships at state schools, how to win a Walmart Scholarship, and how to win these unusual scholarships. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Dunkin Donuts Exam2 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Dunkin Donuts Exam2 - Research Paper Example The customers are also allowed to make decisions and give opinions on the same. The group has also developed a strategy to offer information about nutrition, and avail a wide selection of items on their menus. The group has also introduced great tasting fast foods that take into consideration the kind of lifestyle as well as meeting crucial dietary needs. Dunkin’ Group was among the first to introduce donuts with zero grams Trans fat. Later, they modified their ice cream to be the same. The group also established a board that would help address nutritional matters. The board comprised of experts on nutrition, wellness and health (Dunkin, 2014). They were to help with the development and regeneration of products that would take into consideration the rising needs of the customers. The research helps the company to anticipate and understand wellness and health trends and instils modern nutritional science in the development of the menu. The group has also a strategy to provide h ealth-related information to the public. The group ensures that information on calories is brought out in an easily comprehendible manner. The group has also started using foam cups to serve their coffee. The cup has benefits such as keeping the coffee hotter for longer hours. The group has also resolved to use recycled napkins to reduce waste of napkins. The company has set an objective to concentrate its efforts on making healthier food substances from the items they bake. They do this while focussing on the opportunities the market presents. It is also among the long-term objectives by Dunkin’ Donuts Group to expand their menus so that they can offer non-traditional items such as iced-coffee. The company aims at providing speedy services. They also aim at making products that are of a constant quality and at affordable prices. These are crucial for the company to earn consumer loyalty (Dunkin, 2013). The company is set to go for production methods that are

Closing the Youth justice Gap Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words - 1

Closing the Youth justice Gap - Essay Example It is for the above reasons and more that we must work together to ensure that the BMER young peoples voices are listened to and heard. There should be an initiative to start a process involving the young people as change agents and their views on crime and community safety to be heard and include them in policy and practice if plausible. The strategies to be followed must make cities safe for one and all. Reasons for a young offender who was repeating his offences and being taken into custody number of times should be explored. It might happen due to the Youth Justice Board agents’ discrimination towards them. The depression and frustration when there is no outlet may turn out in the form of a crime. When these are introduced to Entry to Employment Young people who are on mainstream E2E programmes. Children and young people who offend face particular problems accessing or sustaining engagement with education, training and employment. The pilot, which ran from August 2003 to July 2005 with Hindley Young Offender Institution and local youth offending teams was able to identify these barriers to engagement and highlighted along with poor educational attainment, including basic literacy and numeracy problems. ï€  Some providers being disinclined to provide training to young offenders who may have challenging behavior, poor life skills, such as time and budget management, behavioral issues, a lack of awareness, locally, among providers of how to improve the situation. The pilot was extended for one year to build on initial success. Using three voluntary sector agencies: – Nacro, Rathbone and YMCA Training, working together as the Learning Alliance – the programme provided support for a mentoring component as part of education and training provision. The programme had the support of the Learning and Skills Council. A key proposal to be was the need to listen more to young people. A

Justice, Crime and Ethics Essay Example for Free

Justice, Crime and Ethics Essay Justice is mainly concerned with the appropriate ordering of persons and things within the society. Thus when one is aggrieved by another person, he or she is supposed to seek justice to be administered on the person who has violated the rights of the other. Thus the person whose rights are violated is not supposed to take law on his hands and punish the person who has violated his rights but is supposed to seek justice from competent bodies in the land which have the mandate of administering justice. This is very important to the society as it enables the members of the society to live in harmony and to have standard means by which they can seek legal redress (McCarthy, McCarthy, 2001). Crime can be regarded as actions that lead to the violation of the set rules and regulations which have been set by the government. A crime can also arise as a result of a person’s behavior deviating from the prevailing norms as set by cultural standards which stipulate the manner in which the behavior of human being ought to be. When a crime is committed to a person in respect to personal or private rights a civil crime is said to have taken place whereas when the nature of the crime is that which violates public law then a criminal offence is said to have taken place. For the society to live in an orderly manner there is need for existence of laws that govern the conduct of its members so that no member of the society has his rights violated and in case they are violated then there should be competent means by which they are addressed (McCarthy, McCarthy, 2001). Read more:Â  Justice Denied is Justice Delayed Ethics basically refers to a situation where one feels under duty to behave morally, in so doing a person avoids acting in a manner that is likely to cause harm to other people within the society. Actions which are ethically motivated results into a situation where majority of the society members are affected by such decisions in positive way. Ethics addresses the determination of moral values, how it is possible to attain the desired moral outcomes, how moral agency or capacity develops in certain situations and the kind of moral values that members of the society should abide by (McCarthy, McCarthy, 2001). The criminal justice process is a procedure through which the person who is responsible for violating the laws of the land is actually sued in order to determine whether the alleged person actually committed the offence as claimed by the plaintiff. This is usually done in a court of law where the defendant is given a chance to defend himself. The court then determines whether the defendant is guilty or not before passing its judgment (McCarthy, McCarthy, 2001).

Comparing Community in Elizabeth Bowen’s The Demon Lover and Edward Fields A Journey :: Comparison Compare Contrast Essays

The Importance of Community in Elizabeth Bowen’s The Demon Lover and Edward Fields' A Journey It is important to relate and be a part of ones community. When we are able to identify with the people around us we are able to find out who we really are and the difference we make in others lives, as well as, the difference our community makes in our lives. In Edward Fields' poem, A Journey, he relates to his community as he is leaving. It is obvious to the reader that the author feels strongly about his community from the emotions that he displays throughout the poem, the details of the town that he notices on his way to the train station and the way he feels once he gets to his final destination. In the poem A Journey, Edward Field shows great emotion toward his community as he is leaving. The person in the poem is trying not to cry as he walks to the train station and tells us "men didn't walk around crying in that town" (Field qtd. in Schwiebert 41). The man then has to repeat the alphabet over and over at the train station to keep from crying (Field qtd. in Schwiebert 41). I believe that the character in the poem relates to his community the most when he finally begins to cry on the train and feels the reality of leaving. This shows that he has taken in the complete picture of what he is leaving behind and how much it means to him. As the man in the poem continues his journey, he takes time to notice things in detail. This I believe is a way of cherishing what you might not see again. This also shows us that he cares about the community to notice the little things one last time. For example Edward Field describes the "magnolia trees with dying flowers" and the "bright spring day" (qtd. in Schwiebert 41). The man even picked up the local newspaper before he left, this shows that he cares what is going on in the town and feels enough apart of the community to find out what is in the newspaper that day. The author shows us that our communities contribute to who we are as adults through the actions of his character at the end of his journey. It seems that the man in the poem didn't really consider himself a man before he got off the train.

Financing

On this basis, CDC has set a strong foundation as one of the largest (by both sales and production value) confectionery companies in Vietnam and aims to leverage through expansion of our reach and product strategy into daily use products to become one of the largest food & beverage companies in Vietnam. The overall goal is to meet the daily demands of our consumers. Vision: â€Å"FLAVOR YOUR LIFE† CDC creates life's flavor through wholesome, healthy, nutritious and convenient foods. Mission: Kid's mission for consumers is to identify, anticipate and meet the demands of our consumers with food, flavor and beverage products.This includes the current range of products and looks to expand further into beverages, condiments, instant foods, processed foods, eats and health supply to become a full range, food & beverage company. Our goal is to provide products that are market leading in quality, healthy, satisfying and conveniently available all our consumers. Financial: As predicted , 2012 has proven to be a very challenging year for the country as a whole and businesses in particular. GAP growth was lower than expected, inflation remained high and consumer confidence and purchasing power were reduced to marginal growth levels.These factors resulted in making it difficult for all businesses to realize their growth strategies, including us at CDC. However, despite very challenging economic environment of the past 12 months, CDC have successfully completed Stage Three of our four part growth strategy. CDC aimed for â€Å"Profitability through Efficiencies†, and they realized that objective in 2012. However we are not stopping there. They are continuing to channel our resources into our core food business and invest in our distribution and supply chain networks.Our primary goal continues to be striving for improved efficiencies which can drive profit by achieving optimal operating performance. To date, our results in this area have been impressive. They gen erated a profit of VEND 490 billion in 2012 as against VEND 349 billion the previous year. Significantly, our ROE increased from 7. 2% to 9. 1%. II. THE BODY Financial accounting is concerned with reporting to external parties such as owners, analysts, and creditors. These external users rarely have access to the information that is internal to the organization, nor do they specify the exact information that will be presented.Instead, they must rely on the general reports presented by the company. Therefore, the reporting structure is well defined and standardized. The ethos of preparation and the reports presented are governed by rules of various standard-setting organizations. Furthermore, external users generally see only summarized or aggregated data. In contrast, managers of a business oftentimes need or desire far more detailed information. This information can sometimes take on familiar formats. Subsequent chapters will reveal typical examples of budgets, segment income repor ts, and so forth.A fundamental awareness of the financial accounting processes and resulting financial statements is a vital prerequisite to understanding the framework for these typical managerial accounting reports. In addition, managers usually request reports that are tailored to specific decision- making tasks. These reports are apt to become more â€Å"free formed. † Managerial accountants must be able to adapt their generalized knowledge of accounting to develop customized data and reports that are logical and support sound management processes. Managerial accounting information tends to be focused on products, departments, and activities.It necessarily crosses over a broad range of functional areas including marketing, finance, and other disciplines. Many organizations refer to their internal accounting units as departments of strategic enhance, given their wide scope of duties. Managerial accounting information is ultimately based on internal specifications for data accumulation and presentation. These internal specifications should be clear and consistent. Great care must be taken to insure that resulting reports are sufficiently logical to enable good decisions. Specific reporting periods may be replaced with real-time data that enable quick response.And, forecasted outcomes become critical for planning. Further, cost information should be disseminated in a way that managers can focus on their business components segments. . Features of useful management accounting information in CDC. The features are required in order for management accounting information to be useful, mainly in making decisions. The information must be: relevant, understandable, timely, comparable, reliable and complete and last with cost benefits features. A) Relevant. The management needs to consider only the relevant information. The information must be relevant to decision making in process.We can understand simple, relevant information is a part of information that con sequences in different decision being made for a particular activity. The piece of information have to be able to effect decision that has to be made. Relevance accounting information is the compilation of a company's financial dealings. CDC present accounting information to internal and external business stakeholders for creation decisions. Relevant to investors, creditors, and others for investment, credit, and similar decisions, accounting information must be capable of making dissimilarity in a decision.Relevant in sequence should have predictive value, feedback value, and timeliness. Relevant information helps decision makers make predictions about future; it has Predictive Value. Relevant information also helps decision makers confirm or accurate previous prospect; it has Feedback Value Most companies must present accounting information according to national accounting standards; generally accepted accounting principles (GAP) symbolize the most trustworthy accounting standards .GAP requires accounting information to include qualitative characteristics on which business stakeholders can rely. B) Understandable. The second feature of management accounting information is that it can be understood by the user of the information. The information clear, simple and easily understood by the manager. This is because most managers do not have a financial or accounting background. Therefore, it is reasonable for the management accountant to use simple terms that can be understood by the management to guarantee that the information is used to make accurate decisions.Long winded information will only be puzzling and may cause erroneous decisions to be made. This implies the expression, with clarity, of accounting information in such a way that it will be understandable to users – who are generally assumed to have a reasonable knowledge of business and economic activities Accounting information and financial tenements should be prepared in such a way as to facil itate understanding by users of the financial statements. Information about complex matters should be presented, if important or material.Users of information and financial statements are assumed to have a reasonable knowledge of business, economy, and accounting and to be willing to study information to gain a reasonable level of financial expertise. C) Timely. A piece of information is Just useful to the management if it is received in a timely manner. If Kid's the management accounting information is received late, the correct actions cannot be taken or the decision made will no longer be of value. D) Comparable. Accounting information must be comparable. Kid's management accounting information is often used by the management to make comparisons.Accounting information and financial statements should be equipped in such a way as to assist assessment of entity information during time and also alongside information from different, but similar, entities. Comparability results when di fferent enterprises apply the same accounting management to similar events. Compliance with international accounting standards helps to enhance comparability. ) Reliable and Complete. KID'S management accounting information is always associated with the future. However, it cannot be 100% accurate. It only has to be accurate for a decision within a relevant range.Thus, important and useful information during particular period cannot be left out. This is to ensure that the information is reliable as well as complete. Reliability is the quality of information that authorized users to depend on it with assurance. This means it is verifiable, has faithful representation, and is reasonably free of errors and bias. Representative closeness refers to resplendence or agreement between a measure or description and the phenomenon that it purports to represent. That means the numbers and imagery represent what really existed or happened.Accounting information and financial statements should be prepared in such a way that they are free from material error and bias. That is that CDC represent faithfully that which they either hold themselves out to represent or could be reasonably expected to represent. F) With Cost- benefit Features. Kid's the preparation of information will certainly incur cost such as the costs of collecting, analyzing and interpreting the data obtained. Thus, it is important that the information can bring returns that cover the costs involved. In other words, the value of the information obtained must be more than the costs of obtaining it.The information must be useful before it can produce results. All in all, the accounting information is too particular, will enlarge the risk of investor decision- making, therefore the formation of the happening of internal control is leap to influence the entire capital market competence and capital market financing capacity. Thus, accounting information must allow the reader to recognized, so that it can be used pr operly. 2. Planning. CDC must plan for success. What does it mean to plan? It is about deciding on a course of action to reach a desired outcome. Planning must occur at all levels.First, it occurs at the high level of setting strategy. It then moves to broad-based thought about how to establish an optimum position to maximize the potential for realization of goals. Finally, planning must give thoughtful consideration to financial realities/ constraints and anticipated monetary outcomes (budgets). A business organization may be made up of many individuals. These individuals must be orchestrated to work together in harmony. It is important that they share and understand the organizational plans. In short, everyone needs to be on the same page. As such, clear communication is imperative. ) Strategy CDC should invest considerable time and effort in developing strategy. Employees, harried with day-to-day tasks, sometimes fail to see the need to take on strategic planning. It is difficult to see the linkage between strategic endeavors and the day-to- day corporate activities associated with delivering goods and services to customers. But, strategic planning ultimately defines the organization. Specific strategy setting can take many forms, but generally includes elements pertaining to the definition of ore values, mission, and objectives. Core values: An entity should clearly consider and define the rules by which it will play.Core values can cover a broad spectrum involving concepts of fair play, human dignity, ethics, employment/promotion/ compensation, quality, customer service, environmental awareness, and so forth. If CDC does not cause its members to understand and focus on these important elements, it will soon find participants becoming solely â€Å"profit-centric. † This behavior leads to a short-term focus and potentially dangerous practices that may provide the seeds of self-destruction. Remember that management is to build business value by making the right decisions, and decisions about core values are essential.Be aware that the Institute of Management Accountants (AMA) is a representative group for the managerial accounting profession. The IMAM has established a set of ethical standards for its members that are part of the core values for the profession. Imam's overarching ethical principles include: Honesty, Fairness, Objectivity, and Responsibility. Many IMAM members have earned the CAM (certified management accountant) and CFML (certified financial manager) designations. These certificates represent significant competencies in managerial accounting and financial management skills, as well as a pledge to follow the ethical precepts of the ‘MA.Mission: CDC attempt to prepare a pithy statement about their mission. Such mission statements provide a snapshot of CDC and provide a focal point against which to match ideas and actions. They provide an important planning element because they define Kid's purpose and direct ion. Interestingly, some organizations have avoided mission, in fear that it will limit opportunity for expansive thinking. For example, General Electric specifically states that it does not have a mission statement, per SE. Instead, its operating philosophy and business objectives are clearly articulated each year in the Letter to Shareowner, Employees and Customers.In some sense, though, Gee's tag line reflects its mission: imagination at work. Perhaps the subliminal mission is to pursue opportunity wherever it can be found. As a result, GE is one of the world's most diversified entities in terms of the range of products and services it offers. Overall, the strategic structure of CDC is established by how well it defines its values and purpose. But, how does the managerial accountant help in this process? At first lance, these strategic issues seem to be broad and without accounting context.But, information is needed about the returns that are being generated for investors; this a ccounting information is necessary to determine whether the profit objective is being achieved. Actually, though, managerial accounting goes much deeper. For example, how are core values policed? Consider that someone must monitor and provide information on environmental compliance. What is the most effective method for handling and properly disposing of hazardous waste? Are there alternative products that may cost more to acquire but cost less to dispose? What system must be established to record and track such material?All of these issues require accountability. As another example, ethical codes likely deal with bidding procedures to obtain the best prices from capable suppliers. What controls are needed to monitor the purchasing process, provide for the best prices, and audit the quality of procured goods? All of these issues quickly evolve into internal accounting tasks. B) Positioning. An important part of the planning process is positioning CDC to achieve its goals. Positionin g is a broad concept and depends on gathering and evaluating accounting information.Costumer/Profit analysis and scalability: A subsequent chapter will cover cost/volume/profit analysis. It is imperative for managers to understand the nature of cost behavior and how changes in volume impact profitability. Methods include calculating break-even points and determining how to manage to achieve target income levels. Managerial accountants study business models and the ability (or inability) to bring them to profitability via increases in scale. Global Trade and Transfer: The management accountant frequently performs significant and complex analysis related to global activities.This requires in-depth research into laws about tariffs, taxes, and shipping. In addition, global enterprises may transfer inventory and services between affiliated units in alternative countries. These transactions must be fairly measured to establish reasonable transfer prices (or potentially run afoul of tax an d other rules of various countries involved). Once again, the management accountant is called to the task. Branding / Pricing / Sensitivity / Competition: In positioning a company's products and services, considerable thought must be given to branding and its impact on the business.To build a brand requires considerable investment with an uncertain payback. Frequently, the same product can be positioned as an elite brand via a large investment in up-front advertising, or as a basic consumer product that will depend upon low price to drive sales. What is the correct approach? Information is needed to make the decision, and management will likely enlist the internal accounting staff to prepare prospective information based upon alternative scenarios. Likewise, product pricing decisions must be balanced against costs and competitive market conditions.And, sensitivity analysis is needed o determine how sales and costs will respond to changes in market conditions. Decisions about positio ning Kid's products and services are quite complex. The prudent manager will need considerable data to make good decisions. Management accountants will be directly involved in providing such data. They will usually work side-by-side with management in helping correctly interpret and utilize the information. It is worthwhile for a good manager to study the basic principles of managerial accounting in order to better understand how information can be effectively utilized in the decision process. Budgets. A necessary planning component is budgeting. Budgets outline the financial plans for an organization. There are various types of budgets. Kid's budgeting process must take into account ongoing operations, capital expenditure plans, and corporate financing. Operating Budgets: A plan must provide definition of the anticipated revenues and expenses of CDC, and more. Operating budgets can become fairly detailed. The process usually begins with an assessment of anticipated sales and procee ds to a detailed mapping of specific inventory purchases, staffing plans, and so forth.These budgets oftentimes delineate allowable levels of expenditures for various departments. Capital Budgets: The budgeting process must also contemplate the need for capital expenditures relating to new facilities and equipment. These longer-term expenditure decisions must be evaluated logically to determine whether an investment can be Justified and what rate and duration of payback is likely to occur. Financial Budgets: CDC must assess financing needs, including an evaluation of potential cash shortages. These estimates enable companies to meet with lenders and demonstrate why and when additional financial support may be needed.The budget process is quite important (no matter how tedious the process may seem) to the viability of an organization. Several of the subsequent chapters are devoted to the nature and elements of sound budgeting. 3) Directing. There are many good plans that are never re alized. To realize a plan requires the initiation and direction of numerous actions. Often, these actions must be well coordinated and timed. Resources must be ready, and authorizations need to be in place to enable persons to act according to the plan. By analogy, imagine that a composer has written a beautiful score of music.For it to come to life requires all members of the orchestra, and a conductor who can bring the orchestra into synchronization and harmony. Likewise, the managerial accountant has a major role in moving business plans into action. Information systems must be developed to allow management to maneuver the organization. Management must know that inventory is available when needed, productive resources (people and machinery) are scheduled appropriately, transportation systems will be available to deliver output, and so on. In addition, management must be ready to demonstrate compliance with contracts and regulations.These are complex tasks which cannot occur witho ut strong information resources provided by management accountants. Managerial accounting supports the â€Å"directing† function in many ways. Areas of support include costing, production management, and special analysis. A) Costing. A strong manager must understand how costs are captured and assigned to goods and services. This is more complex than most people realize. Costing is such an extensive part of the management accounting function that many people refer to management accountants as cost accountants. But, cost accounting is only a subset f managerial accounting applications.Cost accounting can be defined as the collection, assignment, and interpretation of cost. Subsequent chapters introduce alternative costing methods. It is important to know the cost of products and services. The ideal approach to capturing costs is dependent on what is being produced. Costing Methods: In some settings, costs may be captured by the Job costing method. CDC might consider tracing cos ts and assigning them to activities (e. G. , training, client development, etc. ). Then, an allocation model can be used to attribute selected activities to a Job.Such activity-based costing systems are particularly well suited to situations where overhead is high, and/or a variety of products and services are produced. Costing Concepts: In addition to alternative methods of costing, a good manager will need to understand different theories or concepts about costing. In a general sense, these approaches can be described as absorption and direct costing concepts. Under the absorption concept, a product or service would be assigned its full cost, including amounts that are not easily identified with a particular item, such as overhead items moieties called burden.Overhead can include facilities depreciation, utilities, maintenance, and many other similar shared costs. With absorption costing, this overhead is schematically allocated among all units of output. In other words, output ab sorbs the full cost of the productive process. Absorption costing is required for external reporting purposes under generally accepted accounting principles. Some managers are aware that sole reliance on absorption costing numbers can lead to bad decisions. As a result, internal cost accounting processes in CDC focus on a direct costing approach.With direct costing, a unit of output will be assigned only its direct cost of production (e. G. , direct materials, direct labor, and overhead that occurs with each unit produced). Future chapters examine differences between absorption and direct costing. B) Production. Successfully directing an organization requires prudent management of production. Because this is a hands-on process, and frequently involves dealing with the tangible portions of the business (inventory, fabrication, assembly, etc. ), some managers are especially focused on this area of oversight.Managerial accounting provides numerous tools for managers to use in support o f production and logistics (moving goods through production to a customer). To generalize, production management is about running a lean business model. This means that costs must be minimized and efficiency maximized, while seeking to achieve enhanced output and quality standards. In the past few decades, advances in technology have greatly contributed to the ability to run a lean business. Product fabrication and assembly have been improved through virtually error-free robotics.Accountability is handled via comprehensive software that tracks an array of data on a real-time basis. These enterprise resource packages are extensive in their power to deliver specific query- based information for CDC. BOB (business to business) systems provide data interchange with sufficient power to enable Kid's information system to automatically initiate a product order on its vendor's information system. Logistics is facilitated by radio frequency identification processors embedded in inventory tha t enable a computer to automatically track the quantity and location of inventory.MM (machine to machine) enables connected devices to communicate information without requiring human engagement. These developments ultimately enhance CDC efficiency and the living standards of customers who benefit from better and cheaper products. But, despite their robust power, they do not replace human decision making. Managers must pay attention to the information being produced, and be ready to adjust business processes in response. Inventory: For a manufacturing CDC inventory may consist of raw materials, work in process, and finished goods.The raw materials are the components and parts that are to be eventually processed into a final product. Work in process consists of goods that are actually under production. Finished goods are the completed units awaiting sale to customers. Each category will require special consideration and control. Failure to properly manage any category of inventory can be disastrous. Overstocking raw materials or overproduction of finished goods will increase costs and obsolescence. Conversely, out-of-stock situations for raw materials will silence the production line.Failure to have goods on hand might result in lost sales. Subsequent chapters cover inventory management. Popular techniques include Just-in-time inventory management and economic order quantity. Responsibility Considerations: Enabling and motivating employees to work at peak performance is an important managerial role. For this to occur, employees must perceive that their productive efficiency and quality of output are fairly measured. A good manager will understand and be able to explain to others how such measures are determined.Direct productive processes must be supported by many service departments (maintenance, engineering, accounting, cafeterias, etc. ). These service departments have nothing to sell to outsiders, but are essential components of operation. The costs of servi ce departments must be recovered for a business to survive. It is easy for a production manager to focus solely on the area under direct control and ignore the costs of support tasks. Yet, good management decisions require full consideration of the costs of support services.Many alternative techniques are used by managerial accountants to allocate responsibility for CDC costs. A good manager will understand the need for such allocations and be able to explain and Justify them to employees who may not be fully aware of why profitability is more difficult to achieve than it would seem. In addition, techniques must be utilized to capture the cost of quality, or perhaps better aid, the cost of a lack of quality. Finished goods that do not function as promised cause substantial warranty costs, including rework, shipping, and scrap.There is also an extreme long-run cost associated with a lack of customer satisfaction. Understanding concepts of responsibility accounting will also require o ne to think about attaching inputs and outcomes to those responsible for their ultimate disposition. In other words, a manager must be held accountable, but to do this requires the ability to monitor costs incurred and deliverables produced by defined areas of accountability (centers of responsibility). This does not happen by accident and requires extensive systems development work, as well as training and explanation, on the part of management accountants. ) Analysis. Certain business decisions have recurrent themes: whether to outsource production and/or support functions, what level of production and pricing to establish, whether to accept special orders with private label branding or special pricing, and so forth. Managerial accounting provides theoretical models of calculations that are needed to support these types of decisions. Although such models are not perfect in every case, hey certainly are effective in stimulating correct thought. The seemingly obvious answer may not always yield the truly correct or best decision.Therefore, subsequent chapters will provide insight into the logic and methods that need to be employed to manage these types of business decisions. 4) Controlling. Things rarely go exactly as planned, and management must make a concerted effort to monitor and adjust for deviations. The managerial accountant is a major facilitator of this control process, including exploration of alternative corrective strategies to remedy unfavorable situations. In addition, a recent trend is for enhanced internal controls and mandatory certifications by Coos and Scoffs as to the accuracy of financial reports.These certifications carry penalties of perjury, and have gotten the attention of corporate executives. This has led to greatly expanded emphasis on controls of the various internal and external reporting mechanisms. CDC has a person designated as controller (sometimes termed â€Å"comptroller†). The controller is an important and respecte d position within CDC also the largest corporations. CDC control function is of sufficient complexity that a controller may have hundreds of purport personnel to assist with all phases of the management accounting process.As this person's title suggests, the controller is primarily responsible for the control task; providing leadership for the entire cost and managerial accounting functions. In contrast, the chief financial officer (SCOFF) is usually responsible for external reporting, the treasury function, and general cash flow and financing management. In CDC, one person may serve a dual role as both the SCOFF and controller. Larger organizations may also have a separate internal audit group that reviews the work of the accounting and treasury units.Because internal auditors are reporting on the effectiveness and integrity of other units within a business organization, they usually report directly to the highest levels of corporate leadership. A) Monitor. Begin by thinking about controlling a car. Steering, acceleration, and braking are not random; they are careful corrective responses to constant monitoring of many variables like traffic, road conditions, and so forth. Clearly, each action is in response to having monitored conditions and adopted an adjusting response. Likewise, business managers must rely on systematic monitoring tools to maintain awareness

Hipaa Essay

HIPAA Abstract The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, or better known as (HIPAA) began in 1996 as an Act to help individuals keep their health insurance as they moved from one job to another. As the future brought new advancements HIPAA evolved to include much more than portability. HIPAA now includes many complex rules to protect patient privacy along with the use of information technology that transfers medical records. HIPAA Nearly a decade ago, lawmakers tried to combine the older age ethical tradition of patient privacy with newer age health technology advances, in hopes of saving more lives and reducing such high medical costs. Congress’ intention of the HIPAA Privacy Act was to bring the healthcare industry into the 20th century, while saving U.S citizens billions of dollars. As health care technologies advance so does the rules, rights, and regulations of HIPAA. It’s important to know the â€Å"in’s† and â€Å"outs† of HIPAA and these new advancement’s. Having a guest speaker for HIPAA helped me learn and realize these new advancement’s, a long with what HIPAA really stands for, the rights of patients, and what a breach is and how to prevent it. In the words of the guest speaker, HIPAA equals privacy. Each letter in HIPAA stands for and explains exactly what the Act is. The letter â€Å"H† in HIPAA stands for health, the health of the patient. â€Å"I† in HIPAA stands for insurance, the availability of health plans for the patient. The â€Å"P† in HIPAA stands for portability, it’s portable. â€Å"A† is for accountability, they are accountable for here actions. And finally the last â€Å"A† in HIPAA stands for act, the action of carrying something out. All of these letter s may make up HIPAA but it’s important to know what they actually mean and stand for. After learning the patient rights from the guest speaker I think it makes up the most important part of HIPAA. Knowing your rights under HIPAA can save you from trouble in the future. The first right of HIPAA is The Right to Access, how you the patient can access their health information and obtain copies of their health information. The second patient right is The Right to  Restrictions which gives you the right to restrict certain disclosures of your health information. Another important patient right to HIPAA is The Right to Amendment, it gives you the right to request on amendment to your health information. The next right is The Right to Accounting of Disclosures, this right makes sure your request on accounting of disclosure made on your health information is met. The next patient right is The Right to Complain of Privacy Rights Violation, which I think is the most important. It gives you the right to complain if you feel that your health information has been used or disclosed inappropriately. The last patient right the speaker talked about was how the patients’ health information us used and disclosed. Which allows many ways on how your health information is used or disclosed in regards to treatment, payment, and health care operations. Also patient rights of authorization to release medical or he alth information and the right to revoke authorizations. As you can see there are many rights that the patient has. These rights ensure that patients get the right care in regards to health and how medical records are stored. Even though these rights protect patients there are still major problems that can happen. One of the major problems with HIPAA is a breach. A breach is the unauthorized access use, or disclosure of protected health information that compromises the privacy of such information. According to the HIPAA guest speaker, penalties for a breach can equal up to 1.5millon a year. For individuals found guilty of breach, penalties can be up to $100,000 per year, per violation and or up to ten years in prison. You may be wondering how they decide if there is a breach. Some exceptions to breach that the guest speaker informed us of are unintentional access or use of health information. Only if that information accessed was made in a good faith within employment and the inform ation was not further accessed or used, it is not considered a breach. Another exception of a breach situation is child abuse. Law Enforcement must collect medical evidence to investigate and prosecute a possible child abuse case. Along with Law Enforcement Officials, Social Services also have HIPAA exceptions so they can serve victims of abuse, neglect, and domestic violence. A breach in HIPAA can be very serious, so it’s important to practice good prevention precautions. Some of the guest speaker’s tips on preventing a breach were locking files to secure important papers. Also securing areas that have any health  information, so only the people who are authorized have access to them. Not only do health care workers take precautions to avoid a breach, but so does HIPAA. HIPAA officials do random checks on health care patients in different facilities to ensure that only the authorized workers had access to their medical records. One of HIPAA’s main goals are to protect the patient’s privacy. Taking these precautions as a health care worker can prevent any complications regarding HIPAA and most importantly patient privacy. Having a guest speaker come into class helped me understand more concepts of HIPAA I didn’t understand. She taught me what HIPAA is really about, patient rights, and how important it is to prevent a br each. Learning more about HIPAA will help me in my future career. HIPAA will directly affect my future, as I am currently going for a medical assistant degree. But HIPAA doesn’t just affect people going into the medical field it affects the patients. Therefore it is important for everyone to learn and understand the importance of HIPAA. References Law and Ethics (For the Health Professions) 6e (2013). HIPAA. Pages From74 – To 76 http://www.uthscsa.edu/hipaa/patientrights.asp http://www.ndaa.org/ncpca_update_v16_no4.html http://hipaacow.org/ http://www.hhs.gov/ocr/privacy/index.html http://www.hipaa.com/

Functional Skills for Special Education Students

Functional Skills for Special Education Students Functional skills are those skills a student needs to live independently. An important goal of special education is for our students to gain as much independence and autonomy as possible, whether their disability is emotional, intellectual, physical, or a combination of two or more (multiple) disabilities. Skills are defined as functional as long as the outcome supports the students independence. For some students, those skills may be learning to feed themselves. For other students, it may be learning to use a bus and read a bus schedule. We can separate the functional skills as: Life SkillsFunctional Academic SkillsCommunity-Based Learning SkillsSocial Skills Life Skills The most basic of functional skills are those skills that we usually acquire in the first few years of life: walking, self-feeding, self-toileting, and making simple requests. Students with developmental disabilities, such as Autism Spectrum Disorders, and significant cognitive or multiple disabilities often need to have these skills taught through modeling, breaking them down, and the use of Applied Behavior Analysis. The teaching of life skills also requires that the teacher/practitioner complete appropriate task analyses in order to teach the specific skills. Functional Academic Skills Living independently requires some skills which are considered academic, even if they do not lead to higher education or the completion of a diploma. Those skills include: Math Skills  - The functional math skills include telling time, counting and using money, balancing a checkbook, measurement, and understanding volume. For higher functioning students, math skills will expand to include vocationally oriented skills, such as making change or following a schedule.Language Arts -  Reading begins as recognizing symbols, progressing to reading signs (stop, push), and moves on to reading directions. For many students with disabilities, they may need to have reading texts supported with audio recordings or adults reading. By learning to read a bus schedule, a sign in a bathroom, or directions, a student with disabilities gains independence. Community-Based Learning Skills The skills a student needs to succeed independently in the community often have to be taught in the community. These skills include using public transportation, shopping, making choices in restaurants, and crossing streets at crosswalks. Too often parents, with the desire to protect their disabled children, over-function for their children and unknowingly stand in the way of allowing their children to acquire the skills they need. Social Skills Social skills are usually modeled, but for many students with disabilities, they need to be carefully and consistently taught. In order to function in the community, students need to understand how to interact appropriately with different members of the community, not only family, peers, and teachers.

Simple Inquiéter (to Worry) French Verb Conjugations

Simple Inquià ©ter (to Worry) French Verb Conjugations The verb  inquià ©ter  means to worry in French. When you need to say worried or worrying, the verb will need to be conjugated to fit the tense. This is not one of ​the easiest French verb conjugations, but a quick lesson will show you how its done in the simplest and most common forms. Conjugating the French Verb  Inquià ©ter Inquià ©ter  is a  stem-changing verb, which is why its a little tricky. The pronunciation may not change, but the spelling does and you need to pay attention. Thats because in some forms, the acute à © changes to a grave à ¨. Youll also find that in the future and conditional tenses, either accented E is acceptable. Beyond that minor (but important) spelling change,  inquià ©ter  is conjugated like regular -er  verbs, which is the most common conjugation pattern found in French. That makes things just a little easier, especially if youre studied any of these verbs before. To conjugate  inquià ©ter, pair the subject pronoun with the desired tense of your sentence. For instance, I worry is jinquià ©te and we will worry is either nous inquià ©terons or nous inquià ¨terons. Subject Present Future Imperfect j inquite inquiteraiinquiterai inquitais tu inquites inquiterasinquiteras inquitais il inquite inquiterainquitera inquitait nous inquitons inquiteronsinquiterons inquitions vous inquitez inquiterezinquiterez inquitiez ils inquitent inquiterontinquiteront inquitaient The Present Participle of  Inquià ©ter The  present participle  inquià ©tant  can be a verb as well as an adjective, gerund, or noun depending on the context.   The Past Participle and Passà © Composà © To form the common past tense known as the  passà © composà ©, the  past participle  inquià ©tà ©Ã‚  is required. To complete this form, you will also need the subject pronoun and appropriate conjugation of the  auxiliary verb  avoir. As an example, I worried becomes jai inquià ©tà © while we worried is nous avons  inquià ©tà ©. More Simple  Inquià ©ter  Conjugations to Know When the act of worrying is somehow questionable or uncertain, the subjunctive verb mood may be used. Likewise, if theres no guarantee that the worrying will happen unless something else also occurs, use the conditional verb mood. The literary tenses of the passà © simple and imperfect subjunctive are common in formal writing. Subject Subjunctive Conditional Pass Simple Imperfect Subjunctive j inquite inquiteraisinquiterais inquitai inquitasse tu inquites inquiteraisinquiterais inquitas inquitasses il inquite inquiteraitinquiterait inquita inquitt nous inquitions inquiterionsinquiterions inquitmes inquitassions vous inquitiez inquiteriezinquiteriez inquittes inquitassiez ils inquitent inquiteraientinquiteraient inquitrent inquitassent There is no need to include the subject pronoun in the imperative verb form of inquià ©ter. Thats because this is used in demands and requests that are meant to be short and direct. Instead of tu inquià ©te, use inquià ©te alone. Imperative (tu) inquite (nous) inquitons (vous) inquitez

Important Values in an Organization Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Important Values in an Organization - Assignment Example It also gears to respect the dignity of fellow employees and all citizens (FPDW, 2012). Another core value is striving for excellence in every activity by the department. The department values team effort and professionalism in providing effective safety services. Another value is the provision of customer service at a high level always. The department strives to work with the community and other departments so as to provide a high level of service to businesses, residents and visitors. The final core value is that the department seeks a high level of moral and ethical conduct in its services (FPDW, 2012). The mission of Bristol CT Police department is to serve and protect the community with professionalism and integrity by enforcing federal, state and local laws in addition to encouraging community involvement in its day to day activity (BPDW, 2012). There are several core values embraced by the department. They include quality of service. The department strives to provide a high level of excellence and improve its services. Another value is respect. The department treats everyone with respect in every interaction. Teamwork is another value. The department sustains an environment where there is respect for the individual opinion while still allowing consensus in arriving at a common goal. Creativity is another value embraced by the department. The department encourages risk-taking so as to try out new approaches and ideas which might help improve service delivery. Accountability is another value in which the department takes ownership in everything they do. Leadership is another value embraced by the department. The department seeks to inspire the community to achieve its goals by leading by example (BPDW, 2012). The above values are important in guiding and shaping an organization. Respect leads to positive esteem feeling for persons in and out of the organization. Respect is of fundamental importance to people within an organization such as police departments.  

Benefits and Contributions of ICT to Educational Sector Essay

Benefits and Contributions of ICT to Educational Sector - Essay Example Wisdom (2002) states that students have been equipped with the necessary ICT education which they will need in their future careers and education. They are able gain several computer based learning approaches as well as computer aided learning as well as research and development. This has made students to have the ability to make better decisions regarding their future education and careers due to better information and is now in a position to take part in global resource-sharing. Through the internet, students can now access information about higher education in oversees universities that offer the best education. These universities have posited their information related to all courses they offer and their costs thus the aspiring students can easily get wide selection of courses as their passion and capability. They can still use the internet for distance learning which cuts down education expenses (Preston & Hammond, 2004). ICT has also enabled the teachers to advance their level of education through e-leaning. Through the internet services the teachers are able to access education in universities and colleges by accessing learning materials and exams in the internet. They therefore advance their skills and knowledge while still carrying the normal teaching duties.

Marketing of Samsung Galaxy Gear (Smart Watch) Assignment

Marketing of Samsung Galaxy Gear (Smart Watch) - Assignment Example This research will begin with the statement that Samsung Galaxy Gear is one of the Android based smart watches which are manufactured by the Samsung Electronics. It serves as the apt companion for most of the Samsung Galaxy tablets and smart phones that run on Android 4.3. The Galaxy Gear makes use of Android based operating system with a minimalistic interface as well as gesture based navigation. In order to pair it with any tablet or smart phone, the NFC tag within the charging cradle of Gear is stimulated to trigger the installation of Gear Manager Application, which coordinates the pairing of devices with this Gear over the Bluetooth. Gear Manager is used primarily for adjusting the device settings and installing various applications by means of Samsung Apps. Samsung Electronics, Australia announced that the Samsung Galaxy Gear would be available in the country from 18th September 2013. It has been declared as the first wearable mobile technology range which acts as the companion device for the most recent Galaxy Note 3. The product launch has been announced globally on 5th September 2013 in Berlin. The Samsung Galaxy Gear has combined features of the stylish design, smart device connectivity and the latest mobile technology presented in the form of a wristwatch. It represents one of the most exciting moves of Samsung in terms of pioneering the innovation which provides the users with high meaningful experience and provides increased freedom while using the mobile technology.

Mathematical and Physics Concepts in Computer Games

Mathematical and Physics Concepts in Computer Games Introduction A two part assignment was distributed and part one was run a simulation of a given differential equation using numerical integration techniques i.e. Euler and 4th order Runge-Kutta methods. Also continued as part one a table showing the results of the simulation was to be produced and each value was to be to 3 decimal places. Two graphs where to be produced a) a plot of each simulation result and the exact solution b) a plot of error values in each simulation and a short analysis of the results was to be produced. Part two a little more complicated than part one was to implement realistic physics of a rocket movement in earth atmosphere. Part 1 To calculate the exact solution was the simplest of equations mostly because it was provided it was a matter of processing the data. In simple terms to calculate the exact equation was displayed such as 1/(1+t), whereas t is time and increments by 0.25 each solution, therefore the equation would look like 1/(1+0.25) = 0.8 and the next step is 1/(1+0.50) = 0.667, furthermore is quite easy to calculate this equation. From the results appendix [a1] there are noticeable differences between Euler and the exact solution, first of all for Eulers method I used y-1+-(y-1^2)*(h), loosely translated into simpler terms y-1 is the previous y coordinate + -previous y coordinate to the power of 2 multiplied by h which in this case h was equal to 0.25. After having solved the equation for each t i.e. the x coordinate a significant difference was noticeable. After calculating Eulers results next was to calculate Eulers errors including the first y coordinate which was equal to 1 therefore the exact solution for the first y coordinate was also equal to 1 so there would be an error equal to 0 as the result. However the rest of the results varied but still remained below their equal t (x) coordinate for example t 0.250 was equal to y 0.800 in the exact solution and 0.750 in Eulers, after analysing the rest of the results prior to the calculation it was clear each Euler y result was lower than the exact solution y coordinate and was fairly easy to come to the error by simply exact solution y Euler solution y. Upon summing up all of Eulers results it gives a solution of 0.761 and dividing that by 41 gives a solution of 0.019. The reason it was divided by 41 is because there are 41 y coordinates including the first y coordinate which is equal to 1, therefore revealing the average number Euler error, suggesting Eulers method missed out on the exact solution at an estimate of 0.019, this does not seem a big difference but when trying to implement real physics in a game it makes all the difference. The graphs in appendix [a3] shows the simulation for Eulers method and the exact solution where it is easy to see each y coordinate and each error coordinate whereas [a4] shows the closer Eulers line and the exact line get to each other as t (time), (x coordinate) ascends, this suggests that Eulers method becomes more accurate over time and after using Eulers method for a long period of time eventually Eulers wouldve matched the exact solution at some point. Having viewed [a3] and [a4], [a8] shows the linear line for the exact solution and the linear line for Eulers method. 4th Order Runge-Kutta method was more complicated than Eulers mostly because as shown in [a1] the solution is more accurate because of the slopes that must be calculated in order to solve each y coordinate see [a2] for each slope solution. First and foremost we start by solving the first slope as k1 which was calculated as -(y-1^2) and like Eulers method translate to minus (the previous y coordinate to the power of 2) thats how k1 was solved. K2 has bit more calculation to process which looks like -(y-1+(0.5*k1-1*h))^2) translated to simpler terms is minus(previous y plus (0.5 multiplied by previous k1 multiplied by 0.25)) to the power of 2) this is how the second slope is discovered, solving k3 is much simpler because k1-1 is replaced with k2-1 the previous k1 solution that was just solved and k4s calculation becomes smaller -(y-1+(k3-1*h)) to the power of 2) just like k2 and k3, k4 using k3s previous solution that was solved. The fun part is finding y+1 which is the next y coordina te per t coordinate the calculation used is (y-1+((1/6)*(k1-1+2*(k2-1)+2*(k3-1)+k4-1)*h)) a significantly long calculation but reliable as it will get close to the exact solution result, translated it is (previous y coordinate plus(1 divided by 6) multiplied by (previous k1 solution plus 2 multiplied by (previous k2 solution) plus 2 multiplied by (previous k3 solution) plus (previous k4 solution) multiplied by 0.25). The sum of RK4 errors are 0 and the average was equally 0 that is an incredibly accurate method but more complicated to solve as Eulers method is the simplest RK method (first order) which is why RK4 is more accurate as it is a multi-stage method. See appendix [a5] for each y coordinate because RK4 method was incredibly accurate the exact solution coordinates cannot be seen but the data types are there to see and the legend is also there to show the different styles between each coordinate, appendix [a6] show the curve without any coordinate markers on them, again the c urves cannot be distinguished from each other because of RK4s incredible accuracy. See appendix [a7] to see the error coordinates for each integration technique on the same graph; it is quite easy to see which method is much more accurate but again this is because Eulers method is a first order method whereas Runge-Kutta is a fourth order method, Runge-Kuttas method has more steps in solving the equations therefore providing for a more accurate solution and producing less error values, whereas Eulers method only has one step and will always provide an error value each time. See [a9] for the linear line of the exact solution and RK4 estimation, it is extremely difficult to see because RK4 method is so accurate. Part 2 After using RK4 in part 1 an understanding it had taken some time to put it into physics, however the following scenario seems to be correct. The equation for acceleration is a = (Force Rocket + Force Drag) mass. The equation for Force drag is force drag = -0.5 * (0.2^3) * (0.2) * (20^2) * (2^2) ^2 The time step that is used is 1 i.e. 1kg m^2 because that is how much it can increment or decrement by with the user input. Time will go up to 60, the max the rockets force can go up to is 20kg m^2 and because acceleration is a derivative of velocity k1 = (time + velocity) i.e. the x and y positions. To find k2 the equation was k2 = (time + 0.5 * h, velocity + k1 * h), to find k3 is the same as k2 except the k1 in the equation is replaced with k2. K4 the last slope is calculated as k4 = (time + h, velocity + k3 * h). Lastly acceleration is calculated as a1 (next acceleration value) = (a-1 (previous value) + 1/6(k1 + 2 * k2 + 2 * k3 + k4) * h). The hard part is getting the equations correct after that it is a matter of using a loop in game to calculate the players position; the players position is equal to 5 metres. Pseudo Code for in game: Declare Static Class 4th Order Runge-Kutta { Do Declare Delegate double RK (x, y) variables declared as doubles (timer and velocity) Declare a static variable to calculate 1/6 as fS (fraction sixth) Declare rocket position as 5 Declare timer Declare a static double rk4(double x, y, h, RK f) x, y and h are doubles, r is called from delegate variable) { Declare half of h as halfh Declare Double k1, k2, k3, k4 Declare acceleration equals 0 y = acceleration K1 = (x plus y) K2 = (x plus halfh multiplied by h) plus (y plus k1 multiplied by h) K3 = (x plus halfh multiplied by h) plus (y plus k1 multiplied by h) K4 = (x plus h) plus (y plus k3 multiplied by h) Return (y plus fS multiplied by (k1 plus 2 multiplied by k2 plus 2 multiplied by k3 + k3)) RK acceleration equals y^2 ^^^ Returns acceleration } Declare Force drag kg to the power of 2 = -0.5 multiplied by (1.2 to the power of 3) multiplied by (0.2) multiplied by (20 to the power of 2) multiplied by (y to the power of 2 per second) because y is velocity Acceleration = (timer + force drag) / mass (decrement mass by 1 every second)) Player position plus acceleration every second If key pressed equals up Increment acceleration by 1Else if key press equals down Decrement acceleration by 1 Print timer, player position, acceleration and y While timer is less than 60 } Flowchart Critical analysis of the use of numerical integration techniques to solve similar situations in game development In the context of differential equations no numerical integration method is known as the method that is the best method to solve any and all ordinary differential equations. It all depends on the type of equation that is presented. When discussing gaming physics the solution to the differential equations plays a big part in games taking on more realism for example if a player fires an arrow in the air from a crossbow depending on velocity, gravity and wind etc. When and where will the arrows new position be within the game environment? Physics can be found almost anywhere whether it is in Skyrim shooting an arrow that will eventually drop or sniping in Battlefield that also includes bullets descending over time which is incredible and makes the games more realistic and much more difficult. Before using any method some basic equations must be known first for example force = mass multiplied by acceleration and acceleration = force divided by mass, standard equations that can be learned just using a search engine. Next the derivative of velocity is acceleration and the derivative of acceleration is position, a derivative is something which is based on another source [1] There are several methods to choose from when it comes to differential equations: First order integration Higher order integration First order integration Eulers Method One of the rather simpler methods that game developer can use although as already seen above it is not the most accurate. [2] Just like the previous ordinary differential equation that was solved in part one a developer takes the initial position and velocity and calculates the next position and velocity over time, a time step is used to calculate the next position and velocity such as the previous one that was used 0.25, once the first value is calculated the method is simply repeated to calculate the next one. An equation could look like this Vn+1 = Vn + (An *dt) whereas V is velocity and A is acceleration then the position could be calculated like Pn+1 = Pn + (Vn *dt) whereas P is position. Although this is a simpler method to use an error value will always be return because it is not the most accurate to produce solutions. Using any method can produce error values which is why the numerical integration methods provide estimations and not exact solutions whereas as the error value calculates how far off the estimation was from the exact solution. According to Bourg [3] instability is eliminated or minimized by smaller step sizes however larger steps size seems to make the problem much more complicated than it needs to be. Stability plays an important part for calculating equations more calculations will be processed if the step size is significantly small however this results in more stability. Bourg [3] mentions an adaptive step size where after a predicted amount of error the step size is changed as calculations are being processed. To use adaptive step size method it has to be based on the errors given from the estimations by doubling the step size, Heidts [4] mentions in his abstract the adaptive step size method works considerably well with second-order split-step Fourier integration scheme and can be greatly improved when using it alongside 4th order Runge-Kutta method. Unless the error values provided by Eulers estimations causes a serious change in a games physics then there should be no problem using Eulers method for simpler equations [2]. The simplest way to estimate the exact solution is using Eulers method, when using the method and there is a big difference between y1 and y-1, setting aside the curvature the linear extrapolation will not match up to it. Higher Order Integration 4th Order Runge-Kutta Runge-Kutta is more commonly used in physics [2], this integration method is incredibly accurate from what has been displayed already in part one of this report due to the method have many more steps to solving equations. The accuracy is second to none because RK4 calculates equations estimations in four steps thus given the name 4th Order. In order to achieve this accuracy a price must be paid and the price is more calculations need to be processed to calculate the physics; it has many more computations than other integrator techniques [2]. These types of calculations only need to be considered when accuracy is a must in games like bouncing a grenade of a doorframe in call of duty, therefore not all physics in games will require RK4 to calculate physics because physics is different in all games and some will only require Eulers method. So using the example of the Rocket in earths atmosphere a = Fr + Fd / m translates to acceleration = (FORCE rocket + FORCE drag) divided by mass. The rocket force increments by 1kg/m2 every time the user presses the UP key on the keyboard. Fr is calculated as Fd = -0.5.P.Cd.A.v^2 so basically force drag = minus 0.5 multiplied by P (airdensity) multiplied by Cd (Drag coefficient) multiplied by A (frontal area of the rocket) multiplied by v (velocity) squared. Conclusion All in all no numerical integration technique is better than the other it all depends what kind of physics in games needs to be produced, if its simple physics where the estimation does not make a major impact on the outcome Eulers method is the way to go for its quick computations it can make having simulations processed rather quickly, as for games where more complicated physics is involved 4th Order Runge-Kutta is the next best thing although it takes many more computations to be calculated the estimates are near perfect, RK4 is second to none when it comes to accuracy because of the extra work that needs to be considered. For example in games like battlefield RK4 is most likely to be used for those physics because the estimations need to be as accurate as can be, this takes into account bullet drop and flying aircrafts. Appendix [a1] [a2] [a3] [a4] [a5] [a6] [a7] [a8] Euler [a9] Rk4 References [1]https://www.google.co.uk/?gfe_rd=crei=xfluWI62OrLS8AerrruIDAgws_rd=ssl#q=what+is+a+derivative (Accessed: 18 December 2016). [2] Dickinson, J. (2015) Numerical integration in games development. Available at: https://jdickinsongames.wordpress.com/2015/01/22/numerical-integration-in-games-development-2/ (Accessed: 20 December 2016). [3] Bourg, D.M. (2001) Physics for games developers. United States: OReilly Media, Inc, USA (Accessed: 25 December 2016).. [4] Heidt, A.M. (2009) Efficient Adaptive step size method for the simulation of Super continuum generation in optical fibres, Journal of Light wave Technology, 27(18), p. 1. doi: 10.1109/jlt.2009.2021538 (Accessed: 2 January 2017).