Benefits and Contributions of ICT to Educational Sector Essay

Benefits and Contributions of ICT to Educational Sector - Essay Example Wisdom (2002) states that students have been equipped with the necessary ICT education which they will need in their future careers and education. They are able gain several computer based learning approaches as well as computer aided learning as well as research and development. This has made students to have the ability to make better decisions regarding their future education and careers due to better information and is now in a position to take part in global resource-sharing. Through the internet, students can now access information about higher education in oversees universities that offer the best education. These universities have posited their information related to all courses they offer and their costs thus the aspiring students can easily get wide selection of courses as their passion and capability. They can still use the internet for distance learning which cuts down education expenses (Preston & Hammond, 2004). ICT has also enabled the teachers to advance their level of education through e-leaning. Through the internet services the teachers are able to access education in universities and colleges by accessing learning materials and exams in the internet. They therefore advance their skills and knowledge while still carrying the normal teaching duties.

Marketing of Samsung Galaxy Gear (Smart Watch) Assignment

Marketing of Samsung Galaxy Gear (Smart Watch) - Assignment Example This research will begin with the statement that Samsung Galaxy Gear is one of the Android based smart watches which are manufactured by the Samsung Electronics. It serves as the apt companion for most of the Samsung Galaxy tablets and smart phones that run on Android 4.3. The Galaxy Gear makes use of Android based operating system with a minimalistic interface as well as gesture based navigation. In order to pair it with any tablet or smart phone, the NFC tag within the charging cradle of Gear is stimulated to trigger the installation of Gear Manager Application, which coordinates the pairing of devices with this Gear over the Bluetooth. Gear Manager is used primarily for adjusting the device settings and installing various applications by means of Samsung Apps. Samsung Electronics, Australia announced that the Samsung Galaxy Gear would be available in the country from 18th September 2013. It has been declared as the first wearable mobile technology range which acts as the companion device for the most recent Galaxy Note 3. The product launch has been announced globally on 5th September 2013 in Berlin. The Samsung Galaxy Gear has combined features of the stylish design, smart device connectivity and the latest mobile technology presented in the form of a wristwatch. It represents one of the most exciting moves of Samsung in terms of pioneering the innovation which provides the users with high meaningful experience and provides increased freedom while using the mobile technology.

Mathematical and Physics Concepts in Computer Games

Mathematical and Physics Concepts in Computer Games Introduction A two part assignment was distributed and part one was run a simulation of a given differential equation using numerical integration techniques i.e. Euler and 4th order Runge-Kutta methods. Also continued as part one a table showing the results of the simulation was to be produced and each value was to be to 3 decimal places. Two graphs where to be produced a) a plot of each simulation result and the exact solution b) a plot of error values in each simulation and a short analysis of the results was to be produced. Part two a little more complicated than part one was to implement realistic physics of a rocket movement in earth atmosphere. Part 1 To calculate the exact solution was the simplest of equations mostly because it was provided it was a matter of processing the data. In simple terms to calculate the exact equation was displayed such as 1/(1+t), whereas t is time and increments by 0.25 each solution, therefore the equation would look like 1/(1+0.25) = 0.8 and the next step is 1/(1+0.50) = 0.667, furthermore is quite easy to calculate this equation. From the results appendix [a1] there are noticeable differences between Euler and the exact solution, first of all for Eulers method I used y-1+-(y-1^2)*(h), loosely translated into simpler terms y-1 is the previous y coordinate + -previous y coordinate to the power of 2 multiplied by h which in this case h was equal to 0.25. After having solved the equation for each t i.e. the x coordinate a significant difference was noticeable. After calculating Eulers results next was to calculate Eulers errors including the first y coordinate which was equal to 1 therefore the exact solution for the first y coordinate was also equal to 1 so there would be an error equal to 0 as the result. However the rest of the results varied but still remained below their equal t (x) coordinate for example t 0.250 was equal to y 0.800 in the exact solution and 0.750 in Eulers, after analysing the rest of the results prior to the calculation it was clear each Euler y result was lower than the exact solution y coordinate and was fairly easy to come to the error by simply exact solution y Euler solution y. Upon summing up all of Eulers results it gives a solution of 0.761 and dividing that by 41 gives a solution of 0.019. The reason it was divided by 41 is because there are 41 y coordinates including the first y coordinate which is equal to 1, therefore revealing the average number Euler error, suggesting Eulers method missed out on the exact solution at an estimate of 0.019, this does not seem a big difference but when trying to implement real physics in a game it makes all the difference. The graphs in appendix [a3] shows the simulation for Eulers method and the exact solution where it is easy to see each y coordinate and each error coordinate whereas [a4] shows the closer Eulers line and the exact line get to each other as t (time), (x coordinate) ascends, this suggests that Eulers method becomes more accurate over time and after using Eulers method for a long period of time eventually Eulers wouldve matched the exact solution at some point. Having viewed [a3] and [a4], [a8] shows the linear line for the exact solution and the linear line for Eulers method. 4th Order Runge-Kutta method was more complicated than Eulers mostly because as shown in [a1] the solution is more accurate because of the slopes that must be calculated in order to solve each y coordinate see [a2] for each slope solution. First and foremost we start by solving the first slope as k1 which was calculated as -(y-1^2) and like Eulers method translate to minus (the previous y coordinate to the power of 2) thats how k1 was solved. K2 has bit more calculation to process which looks like -(y-1+(0.5*k1-1*h))^2) translated to simpler terms is minus(previous y plus (0.5 multiplied by previous k1 multiplied by 0.25)) to the power of 2) this is how the second slope is discovered, solving k3 is much simpler because k1-1 is replaced with k2-1 the previous k1 solution that was just solved and k4s calculation becomes smaller -(y-1+(k3-1*h)) to the power of 2) just like k2 and k3, k4 using k3s previous solution that was solved. The fun part is finding y+1 which is the next y coordina te per t coordinate the calculation used is (y-1+((1/6)*(k1-1+2*(k2-1)+2*(k3-1)+k4-1)*h)) a significantly long calculation but reliable as it will get close to the exact solution result, translated it is (previous y coordinate plus(1 divided by 6) multiplied by (previous k1 solution plus 2 multiplied by (previous k2 solution) plus 2 multiplied by (previous k3 solution) plus (previous k4 solution) multiplied by 0.25). The sum of RK4 errors are 0 and the average was equally 0 that is an incredibly accurate method but more complicated to solve as Eulers method is the simplest RK method (first order) which is why RK4 is more accurate as it is a multi-stage method. See appendix [a5] for each y coordinate because RK4 method was incredibly accurate the exact solution coordinates cannot be seen but the data types are there to see and the legend is also there to show the different styles between each coordinate, appendix [a6] show the curve without any coordinate markers on them, again the c urves cannot be distinguished from each other because of RK4s incredible accuracy. See appendix [a7] to see the error coordinates for each integration technique on the same graph; it is quite easy to see which method is much more accurate but again this is because Eulers method is a first order method whereas Runge-Kutta is a fourth order method, Runge-Kuttas method has more steps in solving the equations therefore providing for a more accurate solution and producing less error values, whereas Eulers method only has one step and will always provide an error value each time. See [a9] for the linear line of the exact solution and RK4 estimation, it is extremely difficult to see because RK4 method is so accurate. Part 2 After using RK4 in part 1 an understanding it had taken some time to put it into physics, however the following scenario seems to be correct. The equation for acceleration is a = (Force Rocket + Force Drag) mass. The equation for Force drag is force drag = -0.5 * (0.2^3) * (0.2) * (20^2) * (2^2) ^2 The time step that is used is 1 i.e. 1kg m^2 because that is how much it can increment or decrement by with the user input. Time will go up to 60, the max the rockets force can go up to is 20kg m^2 and because acceleration is a derivative of velocity k1 = (time + velocity) i.e. the x and y positions. To find k2 the equation was k2 = (time + 0.5 * h, velocity + k1 * h), to find k3 is the same as k2 except the k1 in the equation is replaced with k2. K4 the last slope is calculated as k4 = (time + h, velocity + k3 * h). Lastly acceleration is calculated as a1 (next acceleration value) = (a-1 (previous value) + 1/6(k1 + 2 * k2 + 2 * k3 + k4) * h). The hard part is getting the equations correct after that it is a matter of using a loop in game to calculate the players position; the players position is equal to 5 metres. Pseudo Code for in game: Declare Static Class 4th Order Runge-Kutta { Do Declare Delegate double RK (x, y) variables declared as doubles (timer and velocity) Declare a static variable to calculate 1/6 as fS (fraction sixth) Declare rocket position as 5 Declare timer Declare a static double rk4(double x, y, h, RK f) x, y and h are doubles, r is called from delegate variable) { Declare half of h as halfh Declare Double k1, k2, k3, k4 Declare acceleration equals 0 y = acceleration K1 = (x plus y) K2 = (x plus halfh multiplied by h) plus (y plus k1 multiplied by h) K3 = (x plus halfh multiplied by h) plus (y plus k1 multiplied by h) K4 = (x plus h) plus (y plus k3 multiplied by h) Return (y plus fS multiplied by (k1 plus 2 multiplied by k2 plus 2 multiplied by k3 + k3)) RK acceleration equals y^2 ^^^ Returns acceleration } Declare Force drag kg to the power of 2 = -0.5 multiplied by (1.2 to the power of 3) multiplied by (0.2) multiplied by (20 to the power of 2) multiplied by (y to the power of 2 per second) because y is velocity Acceleration = (timer + force drag) / mass (decrement mass by 1 every second)) Player position plus acceleration every second If key pressed equals up Increment acceleration by 1Else if key press equals down Decrement acceleration by 1 Print timer, player position, acceleration and y While timer is less than 60 } Flowchart Critical analysis of the use of numerical integration techniques to solve similar situations in game development In the context of differential equations no numerical integration method is known as the method that is the best method to solve any and all ordinary differential equations. It all depends on the type of equation that is presented. When discussing gaming physics the solution to the differential equations plays a big part in games taking on more realism for example if a player fires an arrow in the air from a crossbow depending on velocity, gravity and wind etc. When and where will the arrows new position be within the game environment? Physics can be found almost anywhere whether it is in Skyrim shooting an arrow that will eventually drop or sniping in Battlefield that also includes bullets descending over time which is incredible and makes the games more realistic and much more difficult. Before using any method some basic equations must be known first for example force = mass multiplied by acceleration and acceleration = force divided by mass, standard equations that can be learned just using a search engine. Next the derivative of velocity is acceleration and the derivative of acceleration is position, a derivative is something which is based on another source [1] There are several methods to choose from when it comes to differential equations: First order integration Higher order integration First order integration Eulers Method One of the rather simpler methods that game developer can use although as already seen above it is not the most accurate. [2] Just like the previous ordinary differential equation that was solved in part one a developer takes the initial position and velocity and calculates the next position and velocity over time, a time step is used to calculate the next position and velocity such as the previous one that was used 0.25, once the first value is calculated the method is simply repeated to calculate the next one. An equation could look like this Vn+1 = Vn + (An *dt) whereas V is velocity and A is acceleration then the position could be calculated like Pn+1 = Pn + (Vn *dt) whereas P is position. Although this is a simpler method to use an error value will always be return because it is not the most accurate to produce solutions. Using any method can produce error values which is why the numerical integration methods provide estimations and not exact solutions whereas as the error value calculates how far off the estimation was from the exact solution. According to Bourg [3] instability is eliminated or minimized by smaller step sizes however larger steps size seems to make the problem much more complicated than it needs to be. Stability plays an important part for calculating equations more calculations will be processed if the step size is significantly small however this results in more stability. Bourg [3] mentions an adaptive step size where after a predicted amount of error the step size is changed as calculations are being processed. To use adaptive step size method it has to be based on the errors given from the estimations by doubling the step size, Heidts [4] mentions in his abstract the adaptive step size method works considerably well with second-order split-step Fourier integration scheme and can be greatly improved when using it alongside 4th order Runge-Kutta method. Unless the error values provided by Eulers estimations causes a serious change in a games physics then there should be no problem using Eulers method for simpler equations [2]. The simplest way to estimate the exact solution is using Eulers method, when using the method and there is a big difference between y1 and y-1, setting aside the curvature the linear extrapolation will not match up to it. Higher Order Integration 4th Order Runge-Kutta Runge-Kutta is more commonly used in physics [2], this integration method is incredibly accurate from what has been displayed already in part one of this report due to the method have many more steps to solving equations. The accuracy is second to none because RK4 calculates equations estimations in four steps thus given the name 4th Order. In order to achieve this accuracy a price must be paid and the price is more calculations need to be processed to calculate the physics; it has many more computations than other integrator techniques [2]. These types of calculations only need to be considered when accuracy is a must in games like bouncing a grenade of a doorframe in call of duty, therefore not all physics in games will require RK4 to calculate physics because physics is different in all games and some will only require Eulers method. So using the example of the Rocket in earths atmosphere a = Fr + Fd / m translates to acceleration = (FORCE rocket + FORCE drag) divided by mass. The rocket force increments by 1kg/m2 every time the user presses the UP key on the keyboard. Fr is calculated as Fd = -0.5.P.Cd.A.v^2 so basically force drag = minus 0.5 multiplied by P (airdensity) multiplied by Cd (Drag coefficient) multiplied by A (frontal area of the rocket) multiplied by v (velocity) squared. Conclusion All in all no numerical integration technique is better than the other it all depends what kind of physics in games needs to be produced, if its simple physics where the estimation does not make a major impact on the outcome Eulers method is the way to go for its quick computations it can make having simulations processed rather quickly, as for games where more complicated physics is involved 4th Order Runge-Kutta is the next best thing although it takes many more computations to be calculated the estimates are near perfect, RK4 is second to none when it comes to accuracy because of the extra work that needs to be considered. For example in games like battlefield RK4 is most likely to be used for those physics because the estimations need to be as accurate as can be, this takes into account bullet drop and flying aircrafts. Appendix [a1] [a2] [a3] [a4] [a5] [a6] [a7] [a8] Euler [a9] Rk4 References [1]https://www.google.co.uk/?gfe_rd=crei=xfluWI62OrLS8AerrruIDAgws_rd=ssl#q=what+is+a+derivative (Accessed: 18 December 2016). [2] Dickinson, J. (2015) Numerical integration in games development. Available at: https://jdickinsongames.wordpress.com/2015/01/22/numerical-integration-in-games-development-2/ (Accessed: 20 December 2016). [3] Bourg, D.M. (2001) Physics for games developers. United States: OReilly Media, Inc, USA (Accessed: 25 December 2016).. [4] Heidt, A.M. (2009) Efficient Adaptive step size method for the simulation of Super continuum generation in optical fibres, Journal of Light wave Technology, 27(18), p. 1. doi: 10.1109/jlt.2009.2021538 (Accessed: 2 January 2017).

The President Commission on Excellence in Special Education (PCESE) :: essays papers

The President Commission on Excellence in Special Education (PCESE) The government’s primarily goal is to close the achievement gap between special education students and general education students. In October of 2001, before the No Child Left Behind was put into action, President Bush appointed a commission called The Presidents Commission on Excellence in Special Education (PCESE). The purpose of this commission was to bring together 100 experts to evaluate the special education system. In conclusion, the commission could not agree more with President Bush that the special education system needed radical reform (Kauffman, 2004 p. 1). One of the main changes that the commission wanted to see was the achievement gap between special education students and general education students. The PCESE states, â€Å"The ultimate test of the value of special education is that, once identified, children close the achievement gap with their peers† (Kauffman, 2004 p. 4). I’m assuming the word peer means the same age child in general education. I don’t see how they expect students with a mental disability to be able to learn just has fast as general education students. I mean that’s what closing the gap means. â€Å"The gap to which the PCESE refers is simply not closable for reasons obvious to anyone with a rudimentary understanding of statistics and disability† (Kauffman, 2003 p. 3). Kauffman brings up an excellent point, why isn’t the government comparing children that receive special education to those children who don’t receive special education. Wouldn’t it make sense to compare two things that are similar instead of trying to compare two things that are no way alike? Why don’t we focus on making special education as good as it can be? We should work to make sure students with disabilities learn everything they can at their own speed in special education (Kauffman, 2003 p. 3). Not scraping the whole system. Basically general education students are the wrong comparison to determine if the special education system is working or not. â€Å"The PCESE asked the wrong question and suggested dedicating ourselves to closing the wrong gap. Their approach is about as helpful as dedicating ourselves to closing the gap between 5 and 7† (Kauffman, 2003 p. 3). Now after the PCESE made its report and after President Bush put NCLB into action three years ago, the nation starts to ask if this law is truly helping our children with disabilities. Is this new law really helping our students exceed expectations?

Swot Analysis for Amazon.Com

S W O T of Amazom. Com Strength 1. Selling of hundred product ranges 2. Amazom. com offering service to Web developers 3. Business contracts with other to offer distribution and warehouse storage service 4. 45% of international sale 5. Secure transactions 6. Price discount 7. Continuously shopping improvement 8. Ability of offering unique recommendations to the induviduals 9. Creating a comunityes 10. Partnership 11. New service ( Audio $ Video downloading) 12. Strategy of increasing customer traffic 13. Promotion of repeat purchase and building of awareness 14. Repurchasing of up to $500million of shares of shares if undervalues 15. Amazom has a huge global brand Weaknesses 1. Convince of themselves for the investment in a projects 2. Adding new category in business creates a risks which could damage the brand 3. Selling toys automotives brings confuse to customer of book segment 4. Free shipping undoubtly erode profit 5. Lawsuit that challenge the companies use 6. Sales increase, Income Tax increases Opportunities 1. Very large market segment 2. Emergency prerared store 3. Baby stores 4. Grand automative parts and accesories 5. Providing of several e-commerce service 6. Launching of two new business (Fulfillment $ Webstores) 7. US has more than 50% of internet users 8. Brand-loyal customers 9. Popularity of social networks (Myspace, Facebook) 10. A good economy 11. â€Å"Borders Group† will close half of its Waldenbooks store 12. International offices 13. Expansion of fulfillment capacity 14. Amazon has been a pioneer 15. Amazon has its own proprietary and licence technology from other companies 16. Investment of sevral areas 17. An increase of sales from 2005-2006 ($ 8. 5-10. 6 million) Threat 1. Power of internet for customer 2. Continueing wars ( global ) 3. Hyperinfilation ( Brazil, Mexico ) 4. Fluctuation of foreign currency 5. China has increased internet related regulations 6. VAT imposed by EU on US providers 7. Direct competitors 8. Indirect competitors 9. Decrease of net income 10. Increase of both retail and e-commerce competition 11. Expansion in to new countries/ new product segments creates ar risk

Maternal Health Child Mini

1) Do you believe there is a need for public health influence in the area of family planning? What would be the role? I believe public health has many benefits for every individual especially women. One of the benefits is that family planning services allows individuals to aimly achieved their own family size, and contributes to improved health outcomes for infants, children, women as well as families (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1999, pg. 1075). Some these benefits services include educating about preventing sexually transmitted infection such as HIV, herpes, syphilis etc. Besides from education, they also counsel patients especially women who are taking contraceptives and/or IUD devices. Counseling is critical part in health care because it helped women and men to be aware of the risks that they are taking when it comes to having another child and know all the unexpected and expected outcomes when it comes to prenatal and postnatal care. Effective methods such as Breast, pelvic examinations, breast and cervical screenings are found the first step for women who are at risk for breast or cervical cancer. Without these services, there is a high chance of more unintended pregnancies in America as well as premature babies and mortality. Recent article, Guttmacher Institute (2012) stated â€Å"Each year, publicly funded family planning services prevent 1. 94 million unintended pregnancies, including 400,000 teen pregnancies (Guttmacher institute, 2012, pg. 3). With that being said, family planning services have been effective for women who decided not to get pregnant. It also helped Medicaid, a federal USA health program for low income adults and children, by Medicaid saving a lot of expenditures from pregnancy-related care ( Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1999, pg. 1074). With the help of Family planning program, this helped save a lot of families from psychological problems to financial problems. Unfortunately, Guttmacher (2012) listed most women who are in a poverty line, have low education level or are single parents are less likely to have access of family planning services (pg. 5). Some of the obstacles for these women who are not on the family planning services are because of lack of awareness about family planning services, limited access to publicly funded services and access to insurance coverage. These obstacles challenges because many americans are still left out of insurance. With the help of Obama administration which is trying to get every single american to have affordable insurance. This will help bridge the gap even more close for more additional women to take the step into getting family planning services. Elements of preconception care should be integrated into every primary care visit for women of reproductive age. 23 Preconception care must not be limited to a single visit to a health care provider, but rather be a process of care designed to meet the needs of an individual. 25 As part of comprehensive preconception care, providers should encourage patients to develop a reproductive life plan. A reproductive life plan is a set of goals and action steps based on personal values and resources about whether and when to become pregnant and have (or not have) children. 3 Providers also must educate patients about how their reproductive life plan impacts contraceptive and medical decision-making. Increased awareness of the importance of preconception care can be achieved through public outreach and improved collaboration between health care providers. Currently, only 30. 3 percent of women report receiving pre-pregnancy health counseling. 13 Future efforts should promote research to furth er define the evidence-based standards of preconception care, determine its cost-effectiveness, and improve tracking of the proportion of women obtaining these services. Reference: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Achievements in public health, 1900–1999: Family planning. MMWR Weekly. 1999 Dec 3;48(47):1073-1080. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm4847a1.htm Guttmacher Institute. In brief: Facts on publicly funded contraceptive services in the United States. Washington; Guttmacher Institute; 2010 April. Available from: http://www.guttmacher.org/pubs/fb_contraceptive_serv.pdf [PDF – 375 KB]

Human Relations Theory vs Scientific Method Theory Essay Example

Human Relations Theory vs Scientific Method Theory Essay Example Human Relations Theory vs Scientific Method Theory Essay Human Relations Theory vs Scientific Method Theory Essay Scientific Method Theory By Fedrick Taylor And Human Relations Theory (Hawthorne Studies) By Elton Mayo Student Name: Subject:Human Relations Date:14th October, 2010 The Scientific Management Theory (Taylorism) In 1911, Frederick Winslow Taylor published his work, The Principles of Scientific Management, in which he described how the application of the scientific method to the management of workers greatly could improve productivity. Scientific management methods called for optimizing the way that tasks were performed and simplifying the jobs enough so that workers could be trained to perform their specialized sequence of motions in the one best way. Before the scientific management theory, work tasks were done by skilled craftsmen who were taught to do their jobs in lengthy apprenticeships. They decided upon how a task should be performed. With the introduction of scientific management allot of this autonomy was reduced and converted skilled crafts into a series of simplified jobs that could be performed by unskilled workers who could be easily trained for the task. There are four principles of scientific measurement: 1) Study how the job is being performed now then figure out new ways to do it. Gather relevant information (detailed, time and motion). Try out various methods before choosing. 2) Scientifically select, train, and develop each worker rather than passively leaving them to train themselves. 3) Cooperate with the workers to ensure that the scientifically developed methods are being followed. 4) Divide work nearly equally between managers and workers, so that the managers apply scientific management principles to planning the work and the workers actually perform the tasks. Although scientific management brought about positive changes, there were also drawbacks. * Taylorism can easily be abused to exploit human beings. Conflicts with labor unions. * Not useful to deal with groups or teams. * Leaves no room for individual preferences or initiative. * Overemphasis on measuring. No attention for soft factors. * Mechanistic. Treating people as machines. * Separation of planning function and doing. * Loss of skill level and autonomy at worker level. Not very useful in current knowledge worker environments (except as an antithesis). The Human Relations Theory (The Hawthorne Effect) The Hawthorne Studies (or experiments) were conducted from 1927 to 1932 at the Western Electric Hawthorne Works in Chicago, where Harvard Business School professor Elton Mayo examined productivity and work conditions. Elton Mayo started these experiments by examining the physical and environmental influences of the workplace (e. g. brightness of lights, humidity) and later, moved into the psychological aspects (e. g. breaks, group pressure, working hours, managerial leadership) and their impact on employee motivation as it applies to productivity. The Hawthorne Effect can be summarized as Employees are more productive because  the employees  know they are being studied. Elton Mayos experiments showed an increase in worker productivity was produced by the psychological stimulus of being singled out, involved, and made to feel important. Specifically, Mayo wanted to find out what effect fatigue and monotony had on job productivity and how to control them through such variables as rest breaks, work hours, temperature and humidity. In the process, he stumbled upon a principle of human motivation that would help to revolutionize the theory and practice of management. To his amazement, Elton Mayo discovered a general upward trend in production, completely independent of any of the changes he made. Flowing from the findings of these investigations he came to certain conclusions as follows: * Work is a group activity. * The social world of the adult is primarily patterned about work activity. * The need for recognition, security and sense of belonging is more important in determining workers morale and productivity than the physical conditions under which he works. A complaint is not necessarily an objective recital of facts; it is commonly a symptom manifesting disturbance of an individuals status position. * The worker is a person whose attitudes and effectiveness are conditioned by social demands from both inside and outside the work plant. * Informal groups within the work plant exercise strong social controls over the work habits and attitudes of the individual worker. * The change from an established society in the home to an adaptive society in the work plant resulting from the use of new techniques tends continually to disrupt the social organization of a work plant and industry generally. Group collaboration does not occur by accident; it must be planned and developed. If group collaboration is achieved the human relations within a work plant may reach a cohesion which resists the disrupting effects of adaptive society. Difference of the two theories Frederick Winslow Taylor and George Elton Mayo carried out an enormous amount of research and made a substantial contribution in this area. However, although their initial aims were very similar to improve productivity, their methods and conclusions were very different. Taylor theory of Scientific Management study included his time and motion studies, his idea of ‘one best way’ to perform a job and ‘one best’ person to perform it, the fact that he thought people were primarily motivated by money, and the effects all of this would have on employees. Mayo initially seeked to prove Taylor’s theories right, however, due to the Hawthorne Experiments, he became more interested in the involvement and fair treatment of workers and their social environment. He found that people weren’t just motivated by money. The main difference between the two theories is that Taylor’s studies concentrated mostly on work organization e. g. efficiency while Mayo’s theory seeked the interest of more personal or human related aspects in the organization. Reference 1. netmba. com/, James E. Gurun, Fenghua Wang, Patrick R. Barton, Copyright  © 2002-2010 This web site is operated by the Internet Center for Management and Business Administration, Inc. 2. change. freeuk. com/learning/business/mayo. html Adrian Worsfold 3. www. wikipedia. com , Wikipedia ®

The ABCs (and Ds and Es) of Plot Development

The ABCs (and Ds and Es) of Plot Development The ABCs (and Ds and Es) of Plot Development The ABCs (and Ds and Es) of Plot Development By Mark Nichol Plot develops out of conflict, either external, such as a person or an event that precipitates a series of actions the main character undertakes, or internal, driven by the protagonist’s wants and/or needs. How that character, and others, makes choices and otherwise responds to stimuli determines the course of events. The traditional structure of a plot is linear, in which the protagonist’s actions are charted in a more or less straight line, although many stories shift from that person’s point of view to that of one or more other characters as the tale progresses. Others involve one or more flashbacks, introducing new elements to the overarching plot or by explaining elements that appeared in previous acts (known as Chekhov’s Gun). In one sense, there are innumerable stories; looking at storytelling another way, various analysts have discovered variable finite numbers of basic plots (such as the quest, which is ubiquitous in all genres), though these types have a seemingly infinite number of variations, as a visit to any large bookstore or library will attest. But stories almost invariably follow a simple pattern, in which rising action propels the protagonist through a series of complications that result in a climax, followed by the falling action of the resolution. At this point, the character, or at least the character’s circumstances, have changed, though most readers (and writers) find it most satisfying if the character has experienced significant growth or change and has accomplished a palpable goal, such as a physical journey that has allowed the character to achieve some reward, or an intangible goal that still satisfies the reader’s desire for the protagonist to undergo a metamorphosis of some kind. Writer Annie Lamott created a helpful mnemonic catechism, ABCDE, to help writers remember the basics. Here are the elements: Action: Set the scene with an event that launches the series of events that constitutes a story. This scene should happen as early as possible, and though writers renowned and obscure alike have broken this rule with some degree of success, observe it unless you have an outstanding reason not to. Background: Context is essential to settle your readers into the story, though, as indicated above, it usually follows initiating action. Pay it out parsimoniously, however, and don’t let your reader get ahead of your protagonist, or you’ll likely release the dramatic tension prematurely. Conflict: Such tension is produced by your protagonist’s impetus to achieve a goal. That goal should be specific, and, for the story to be compelling, it should be something the character can’t live without. To be even more so, it shouldn’t be easy for the character to satisfy that desire. The tension is produced by desire, but it is sustained by obstacles to attainment of that desire. Development: This element constitutes the bulk of the plot; it is the journey, and all the events and incidents along the way. These happenings should bring the protagonist ever closer to resolution of the conflict, and they should steadily escalate in import and impact to heighten the suspense and keep the reader engaged in the story. End: The final step is further subdivided into a mnemonic trio: The crisis is the stage at which the protagonist must decide how to resolve the conflict, the climax is the tipping point at which the conflict is resolved, and the consequences consist of the state of affairs that exists after the crisis and the climax has the main character changed, or has the main character changed the world in some way? What is the outcome of all that has come before? This stage in a story, also called the denouement, is the final, necessary release of dramatic tension. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Fiction Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Regarding Re:"Wracking" or "Racking" Your Brain?Letter Writing 101

The History of Potato Chips

The History of Potato Chips Legend has it that the potato chip was born out of a tiff between a little-known cook and one of the wealthiest people in American history.   The incident was alleged to have taken place  on August 24, 1853.  George Crum, who was  half African and half native American, was working as a cook at a resort in  Saratoga Springs, New York at the time. During his shift, a disgruntled customer kept sending back an order of french fries, complaining that they were too thick. Frustrated, Crum prepared a new batch using potatoes that were sliced paper thin and fried to a crisp. Surprisingly, the customer, who happened to be railroad tycoon Cornelius Vanderbilt,  loved it. However, that version of events was contradicted by his sister Kate Speck  Wicks. In fact, no official accounts ever proved that Crum claimed to have invented the potato chip. But in Wicks obituary, it was stated flatly that she first invented and fried the famous Saratoga Chips, also known as potato chips.  Besides that, the first popular reference to potato chips can be found in the novel A Tale Of Two Cities, written by Charles Dickens. In it, he refers to them as â€Å"husky chips of potatoes.† In any case, potato chips did not gain widespread popularity until the 1920s. Around that time,  an  entrepreneur from California named  Laura Scudder  began selling chips in wax paper bags that were sealed with a warm iron in order to  reduce crumbling while keeping the chips fresh and crisp. Over time, the innovative packaging method allowed for the first time the mass production and distribution of potato chips, which began in 1926.  Today, chips are packaged in plastic bags and pumped with nitrogen gas to extend the products shelf life. The process also helps prevent the chips from getting crushed. During the 1920s, an American businessman from North Carolina named  Herman Lay began selling  potato chips out of the trunk of his car to grocers across the south. By 1938, Lay was so successful that his  Lays brand chips went into mass production and eventually became the  first successfully marketed national brand. Among the companys biggest contributions is the introduction of a crinkle-cut Ruffled chips product that tended to be  sturdier and thus less prone to breakage.   It wasnt until the 1950s though that stores started carrying potato chips in various flavors.  This was all thanks to Joe Spud Murphy, the owner of an Irish chip company named Tayto.  He developed a technology that allowed seasoning to be added during the cooking process. The first seasoned potato chip products came in two flavors:  Cheese Onion and Salt Vinegar. Pretty soon, several companies would express interest in securing the rights to Taytos technique.  Ã‚   In 1963, Lay’s Potato Chips left a memorable mark on the countrys cultural consciousness  when the company hired advertising company Young Rubicam to come up with the popular trademark slogan  Betcha can’t eat just one.†Ã‚  Soon sales went international with a marketing campaign that featured celebrity  actor Bert Lahr in a series of commercials in which he played various historical figures such as George Washington, Ceasar, and Christopher Columbus.

Nursing organization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Nursing organization - Essay Example ent elect, immediate past president, secretary, treasurer, four board members and an ex-officio run its affairs, ensuring that the association attains its objectives in the long run. Its functions include promotion of health, recovery and wellness by identifying mental health issues, preventing related problems and providing appropriate care and treatment to people with psychiatric disorders (APNA, 2013). The membership of APNA draws from all educational levels and a varied range of settings including military, forensic, private practice, outpatient and education among others. Currently, the total membership exceeds 8,000 members (APNA, 2013). These members benefit from professional growth and continuing education with access to its scholarships, networking and information access through its Member Bridge program and discounts on certification exams, long term insurance, conference registration fees and educational materials. The membership cost would depend on which of the five categories a member joins. Regular membership would be available to registered nurses, those paying dues and pursue endeavors furthering the association’s purposes. Such members might vote, seek directorship and serve in committees. A joining fee of $135.00 would apply with a monthly fee of $12.50. Mental health professionals not registered as nurses would join as affiliate members at a fee of $135.00. Affiliate membership attracts all membership benefits save for voting or holding office. International membership would be for those residing outside the US at a cost of $135.00 with the entitlement to all membership benefits. For retired registered nurses interested in participating in psychiatric-mental health activities, retired membership at a cost of $75.00 would be their reserve just as the student membership would be reserved for proven nursing students at a cost of $25.00. Student registered nurses could vote though they would not hold office. Among the accomplishments of APNA

International human rights Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

International human rights - Essay Example Consultation with employees is with their representatives and not individual employees. The definition and role of the representative body will depend on national legislation and workplace practices1. Collective bargaining is to be employed at the workplace, in order to resolve disputes between employers and employees. Various policies relating to workplace have been implemented by the statute, and the employer can include certain policies at his discretion. This directive was implemented by the Information and Consultation Regulations, whose precedent was the European Works Council Directive of 19942. The new directive will require the UK to provide a universal right to its employees in various establishments and undertakings. Integration of the new directive into the national legislation of the UK will require the government to enact a universal statutory framework for employees. â€Å"Transposition of the EU information and consultation Directive means that the UK now has, for the first time, a general statutory framework giving employees the right to insist on being informed and consulted by their employers on a range of key business, employment and restructuring issues3.†The existing legislative strategy of the government is providing greater flexibility to employers while responding to the EU Regulations. Employers can initiate negotiations on agreements that are specifically designed for organizations4. â€Å"Since the mid 1970’s – employers in the UK have faced legal obligations, emanating mainly from EU Directives, to inform and consult with employees on specific issues, such as redundancies and business transfers5.† They are under a legal duty to inform and consult with their employees, in respect of certain policy matters, such as redundancies and business transfers. In the year 1994, the ECJ ruled that employers were under an obligation to consult and

What does Doris Lessing mean by the title of her chapter, Group Minds Essay

What does Doris Lessing mean by the title of her chapter, Group Minds Explain in your own words in a paragraph first; then reference the article. Select a film - Essay Example The subjectivity thus becomes an internalized version of something that dictates our being, be it through commercialization of gender biases or fixating stereotypes and archetypal ideas (blonde-haired women are dumb, fashionable gay man, notions of beauty, etc.). Hence, she highlights that â€Å"what is dangerous is not the belonging to a group or groups but not understanding the social laws that govern groups and govern us† (pp 50). Thus, ignorance makes us more gullible and more malleable and makes us helpless against all such invisible forces. The film, ‘Good Will Hunting’ as a realistic specimen of a young man’s struggle with a cornucopia of â€Å"expectations† that immediately tries to suck him into a world of performance and group joining politics. This not only threatens his apparent invisibility, and comfort beyond the social gaze, but also makes him realize the utter uselessness of conforming to social orders and institutional snobbery. Howe ver, Will escapes all such predicament. Manipulation, spontaneous obedience, group mentality and responding to social circumstances, as if they were psychological realities or unconsciously imbibing them to limit our intellectual and cognitive ability is what concerns Doris Lessing in â€Å"Group Minds†. Parallely, if we consider Foucaults argument in â€Å"Discipline and Punish†1 where he argues that discipline creates "docile bodies", ideal for making human beings respond fittingly to the scenario be it new economics, politics and warfare or the modern industrial age, is similar to what Lessing says in her essay. These bodies must be trained to function well in factories, ordered military regiments, and school classrooms. This theory is comparable to Lessing’s idea too, since Foucault seem to bring out the concept of an invisible force that gazes without been gazed at and

Primary Education Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Primary Education - Assignment Example The education system in the United Kingdom consist a handful of skilled teachers to provide meaningful support for the students with behaviour problems in the primary schools. Additionally, teachers who work in small groups with such students have a severe flow of problems for training them. Such strains occur due to the student's behavioural problem or their own intellectual demands to work with such students. "Far from being deranged and dangerous, [most UK children with problem behaviour] were tired, despairing underachieving, and invariably desperately sad about their circumstances...The same might be said about many of the staff who referred the pupils. They are expressed exhaustion, feelings of inadequacy, and a sense of alienation from the demands of an increasingly utilitarian education system." 1(1) Resources to overcome behavioural problems in the United Kingdom are very limited and should be invested to prevent such problems throughout the primary years of the student. Behaviour problem has an unbalanced influence on the positive way of learning and appropriate learning and behaviour are achieved through positive support of the teachers.2(2) However, such behavioural problems of the students in primary sections are mostly classified into habit disorders, psychosocial disorders, anxiety disorders and disruptive behaviour.3(3) Students with such problems have always been a part of the school population. To overcome such obstacles, psychopathology was intervened to assure normal progress of the students. On the other hand, in 1997 or 1998, a research proved about the student behaviour was to be good for around 80% in the primary schools and 2% percent of these were unsatisfactory. Schools with poor behaviour, often indulged in one year group, were extremely demanding for teacher's involvement. Although recently, the most widespread concern was in United Kingdom was about bullying. About 663 children, aged amid 2-9, were calculated for bullying experience, most of them were boys who were the victims. Though, according to a study, bullying by girls has been misjudged, excluding social relationships etc., girls can be aggressive like boys. Michele Elliot from one of the first charity established in United Kingdom, Kidscape, reported "Sexual bullying has almost become a way of asserting your power over others and for that reason it is disturbing." Recent figures by government illustrates over 280 of expulsions from the primary schools and in twenty of such cases, children of 5 years old were responsible.4(4) Like Kidscape, many other organizations are doing anti-bullying work in the United Kingdom such as sponsors from Department for Education and Employment (DfEE) and by the other voluntary organizations. The most inspiring campaign introduced in 1080s was the "DFE Funded Sheffield Anti-Bullying Project 1991-1993." As a result to this project, "The Pack Don't Suffer in Silence" (HMSO, 1994) was introduced which was requested by more then 19,000 schools in England. Apart from bullying, there has been a minor increase of the students for being permanently excluded from the school about 0.04% of the school population. According to Belfast School of England, there have been up to 3% of the students from the total population expelled due to their behaviour. Another most

Corporate Strategies Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Corporate Strategies - Assignment Example With its vision of enabling its customers to make the most of their world and possibilities though the services it offers, O2 plc (O2) accomplishes its commitment of providing mobile communication services in Europe. The business organisation also profits from its leading mobile internet portal business. Armed with its values of being bold, trusted, open, and clear, O2 continues its quest to become the telecommunication industry's market leader. The creation of O2 in the 1990s can be traced backed to the decision of British Telecommunication to "demerge its mobile phone business" in order to strengthen the financial position of the latter. From its beginning, the firm is currently a major player in the various nations where it operates including the United Kingdom, Republic of Ireland, Germany, the Isle of Man, and Asia. As the business organisation is focused on satisfying consumer needs, O2 strategic business units are classified according to their geographic locations. It should be noted that the products being offered varies in each region (O2 Plc 2006). The major products of O2 are mobile telecommunication equipments which are either paid through installment plans or pre-paid. With its thrust to provide the market with higher quality products, the company offers complementary services like third generation telephony (3G), O2 Active, I Mode, and O2 Online. O2 also ensures the satisfaction of customers by offering product features like entertainment through its sponsorship of the England Rugby Team and Arsenal FC and partnership with Anschutz Entertainment Group (O2 Plc 2006). III. Competitive Position in the Industry Environment As stated above, O2 Plc operates in different geographic locations, battling head-on with various competitors. Table 1 shows the geographical locations of firm's business activities alongside with its competitors in each region. It can be deduced that O2's direct competitors are Orange SA (Orange), T-Mobile, 3, Vodafone Group Plc (Vodafone), Virgin Mobile Ltd. (Virgin Mobile), Meteor Mobile Communications Limited (Meteor), and e-plus. Table 1. Geographical Location of O2 and its Main Competitors Geographical Region Major Competitors United Kingdom Orange, T-Mobile, 3, Vodafone Ireland Vodafone, Meteor, 3 Germany T-Mobile, Vodafone, e-plus Czech Republic T-Mobile, Vodafone Slovakia T-Mobile, Orange In order to look at the relative position of O2 Plc relative to its competitors in the United Kingdom, this report will look each business organisation in terms of market scope, number of customers, financial performance, market growth, products and services sold, and factors affecting business well-being. The main findings including the data for O2 are tabulated in Table 2. Among all the players in the global mobile communication industry, Vodafone holds the largest market share at 26.8%. The business organization is recognized as the largest mobile telecommunication company in the world with a market value of 65 billion (Vodafone 2006). It is estimated that the market leader approximately has 186.8 million subscribers in the 27 countries where it conducts its

Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 40

Summary - Essay Example We were all very supportive of the project and admire the hard work involved throughout this process. I believe that Jean worked well and thoroughly to bring this topic and potential improvement program to life. Alexis posted her work, as well, Jean posted some recommendation she thought would benefit Alexis. Alya and Rhett, also, added some very constructive commentary to the posting. Overall, I believe that Alexis has provided strong evidence of the importance of this issue and that her strong approach and very focused approach represents a great potential for her suggested program to succeed. Ayla’s approach, in the posting, was incredibly well resourced and clearly provides a wonderful example the ability of groups with programs like this, which may, be effective in similar ways all over the world. The rest of the team added some interesting suggestions that were supportive of the goal. Rhett’s posting was well focused and relevant, as was Nasreen’s. Rhettâ⠂¬â„¢s was well grounded and informative and Nasreen’s gave a thorough regard to how to help solve the problem at the core of her work. The team showed great effort and positivity in providing helpful, beneficial, constructive criticisms that only improved the wonderful work being presented. This team endeavor has been a fantastic experience and everyone who participated gave total commitment. I am unbelievably pleased with the

Corporate Strategies Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Corporate Strategies - Assignment Example With its vision of enabling its customers to make the most of their world and possibilities though the services it offers, O2 plc (O2) accomplishes its commitment of providing mobile communication services in Europe. The business organisation also profits from its leading mobile internet portal business. Armed with its values of being bold, trusted, open, and clear, O2 continues its quest to become the telecommunication industry's market leader. The creation of O2 in the 1990s can be traced backed to the decision of British Telecommunication to "demerge its mobile phone business" in order to strengthen the financial position of the latter. From its beginning, the firm is currently a major player in the various nations where it operates including the United Kingdom, Republic of Ireland, Germany, the Isle of Man, and Asia. As the business organisation is focused on satisfying consumer needs, O2 strategic business units are classified according to their geographic locations. It should be noted that the products being offered varies in each region (O2 Plc 2006). The major products of O2 are mobile telecommunication equipments which are either paid through installment plans or pre-paid. With its thrust to provide the market with higher quality products, the company offers complementary services like third generation telephony (3G), O2 Active, I Mode, and O2 Online. O2 also ensures the satisfaction of customers by offering product features like entertainment through its sponsorship of the England Rugby Team and Arsenal FC and partnership with Anschutz Entertainment Group (O2 Plc 2006). III. Competitive Position in the Industry Environment As stated above, O2 Plc operates in different geographic locations, battling head-on with various competitors. Table 1 shows the geographical locations of firm's business activities alongside with its competitors in each region. It can be deduced that O2's direct competitors are Orange SA (Orange), T-Mobile, 3, Vodafone Group Plc (Vodafone), Virgin Mobile Ltd. (Virgin Mobile), Meteor Mobile Communications Limited (Meteor), and e-plus. Table 1. Geographical Location of O2 and its Main Competitors Geographical Region Major Competitors United Kingdom Orange, T-Mobile, 3, Vodafone Ireland Vodafone, Meteor, 3 Germany T-Mobile, Vodafone, e-plus Czech Republic T-Mobile, Vodafone Slovakia T-Mobile, Orange In order to look at the relative position of O2 Plc relative to its competitors in the United Kingdom, this report will look each business organisation in terms of market scope, number of customers, financial performance, market growth, products and services sold, and factors affecting business well-being. The main findings including the data for O2 are tabulated in Table 2. Among all the players in the global mobile communication industry, Vodafone holds the largest market share at 26.8%. The business organization is recognized as the largest mobile telecommunication company in the world with a market value of 65 billion (Vodafone 2006). It is estimated that the market leader approximately has 186.8 million subscribers in the 27 countries where it conducts its

Should Laser Eye Surgery Be Encouraged Essay Example for Free

Should Laser Eye Surgery Be Encouraged Essay What is laser eye surgery? Laser eye surgery or laser corneal sculpting is a medical procedure that utilizes a laser to reshape the surface of the eye in order to improve or correct eye vision (Better Health Channel, 2011). Laser eye surgery has become prevalence and there are several types of treatment available. The most popular laser eye surgery is known as LASIK, which stands for laser in-situ keratomileusis. LASIK is an eye surgery that permanently changes the shape of the cornea to treat the variety of vision problem (Linda, 2012). The first laser eye surgery was done on a patient who suffered astigmatism and it was successfully performed by E. Faber, a Dutch surgeon. Today as we walk into the streets, we can see many people wearing glasses. There is a study in some areas, such as China, India and Malaysia that up to 41 per cent of the adult population is suffering refractive errors (News Medical, n. d. ). Most of them depend on glasses and contact lenses because they are having eye problems such as short-sightedness, long-sightedness, etc. It has reached a critical phenomenon in our neighbour country that is Singapore, where 90 per cent of young people are short-sighted, compared with 15 to 30 per cent in Europe and the U. S (Coghlan and Page, 2002). If they had the choice, they would like to be free of this dependence by correcting their vision. One of the solutions to solve eye problems is undergoing laser eye surgery. However, people still worry about the possible problems that will happen during laser eye surgery. Although laser eye surgery has many adverse effects, in actual it increases a patient’s living convenience and comfort, is highly effective and cost-efficient, and provides surgical patients an improved lifestyle. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to indicate the points of advocating laser eye surgery which could bring advantages in society. There is no doubt that wearing glasses or contact lenses has become a daily routine for many people. A normal eye vision has always been an unimaginable dream especially for those who are having eye sight problems. Therefore, it is common that people who are suffering from eye diseases consider the beneficial effects of having laser eye surgery to restore their vision back to normal. Laser eye surgery could free one from the hassle of wearing glasses. Especially for those who are active in sports, most of them prefer not to wear glasses or contact lenses because wearing contact lenses or glasses may affect their performance. For instance, people who engage in water sports such as swimming might not be able to enjoy themselves as water splashing is a problem. Apparently, taking up sports especially water sports are no longer suitable for people who need to wear glasses or contact lenses. Hence, laser eye surgery would be a favourable option for them. Contact lenses and glasses are no longer applicable in their lives after undergoing laser eye surgery. Furthermore, such activities as swimming and even spending a day at the beach become more pleasurable without the worries associated with corrective eyewear (Docshop, n. d. ). They do not need to worry about contact lenses drying off or glasses falling out, or need to prepare a spare pair of glasses or contact lenses after undergoing laser eye surgery. Patients are able to enjoy their life with a clear vision. In addition, people who have undergone laser eye surgery have found their vision improved. As a result, laser eye surgery improves convenience, comfort and productivity of their daily lives. For instance, people who suffer night-blindness are not able to drive at night. Also, glasses often steams up on cold nights. This has become a problem for people who are wearing glasses. People who are bothered by blurriness when driving a car are suitable to undergo laser eye surgery. As a result, they could drive easier especially at night. Ninety-nine per cent of all patients are able see well enough, independent of glasses, and able to drive a car by the next day of laser eye surgery (Laser Sight, n. d. ). They no longer need to rub their glasses while they are driving. Consequently, laser eye surgery could reduce the chances of car accidents. Besides, patients see increased confidence as their eye sight is nearly perfect after undergoing laser eye surgery. Laser eye surgery can be considered not only for people who have eye problems but also for cosmetic purposes especially for those who do not like to wear glasses. Some people may think that they would look better without wearing glasses. Even though contact lenses have the same function as glasses, sometimes wearing contact lenses may dry off and irritate their eyes. Furthermore, laser eye surgery could improve their social life. After undergoing laser eye surgery, many patients find that the ability to see more clearly than ever before help them to be more outgoing socially (DocShop, n. . ). They feel at ease in dimly-lit atmosphere especially for those people who are formerly disoriented while trying to see in a dark place. They also would have a better appearance without wearing glasses as glasses always been a ‘barrier’ in front of their eyes. Next, laser eye surgery is also highly effective and safe for most people. LASIK has been proven to be safe and effective for most people (Randleman, n. d. ). Ninety-nine percent of people who have had LASIK have excellent results (Carollo, 2010, cited in Dr. Robert, 2010). Ninety per cent of patients in between the age range of forty to sixty years old who underwent the LASIK procedure said they were happy with the results (Laino, 2011). With the advancement of technology, surgical success rate has increased. The professional skills and modern precautionary measures in addition alleviate the risks of laser eye surgery since there are many safety measures available. Hence, people should not be too worried about the risks of laser eye surgery, but to put more trust in today’s technology. Furthermore, as laser eye surgery has become more prevalent, the surgical costs have become more competitive. Many clinics reduce the surgical costs of laser eye surgery to a reasonable price so that it is affordable. Instead of comparing the qualification and standard of surgeon, usually people who are considering laser eye surgery will make price comparison so that they would not waste much money. There are also several parties that provide financial assistance and subsidies to help with those who need to undergo eye surgery. For instance, Lions Club International, Mission Cataract USA, Knights Templar Eye Foundation and many other organizations give out financial help to those who are having financial problem (Helaine, n. d. ). Government also gives subsidies for patients to undergo eye surgery at government hospitals or health institutes. With the aid by government and organizations, patients no longer worry about lack of insurance and they are able to undergo eye treatment. Apart from the costs of laser eye surgery, the efficiency of laser eye surgery is also considerable. For some people, time can be as valuable as money. Therefore, it is very common that many people worry how long it would take for a laser eye surgery. With the rapid advancement of technology, actually laser eye surgery is not time-consuming at all. Nowadays, the procedure of this surgery is fast. In most cases, laser eye surgery can be done within fifteen minutes for both eyes (Wachler, 2012). This means that the surgery only takes few minutes for both eyes. Furthermore, the healing process after undergoing laser eye surgery is fast too. If patients listen to the instructions and take good care of their yes, the recovery will only take a few days (Hamilton, 2011). Besides efficiency of laser eye surgery, it can be also a life-changing chance for the deprived. Laser eye surgery can be a turning point for those who are having difficulty in seeing distant objects. Some people who are born with poor eye vision or eye diseases can be corrected by undergoing laser eye surgery. Laser eye surgery may be necessary for those who are having se vere eye diseases to slow down the deterioration of eye vision. Their eyes will feel more comfortable after undergoing laser eye surgery. Most of the nearsighted patients who have undergone LASIK eye surgery will enjoy â€Å"good distance vision their whole life’ (Thau, 2011, cited in Dr. Salz, 2011). However, there are still groups of people who are against laser eye surgery. They strongly believe that going for laser eye surgery can lead to possibility of blindness. This could result from flap-related complications, equipment malfunction, infection, scarring, or extreme changes in corneal shape postoperatively (Randleman, n. d. ). Besides that, some of the patients who have undergone laser eye surgery might have their eye vision improved temporarily. Their eye sight problem might return after several years of surgery. This is more common in patients with hyperopia, or farsightedness (Randleman, n. d. ). Reading glasses are needed to prevent any changes in their vision after LASIK surgery. They may need to undergo an additional surgery after their initial LASIK. In actual fact, there are many safety measures available in this modern era, so people actually do not need to worry about the implications of laser eye surgery. Laser eye surgery has proven to be safe. It is an effective alternative to eye drops as a first-line treatment for patients (NEI Press Release, 1995). Besides, laser eye surgery has been available since the late ‘80s in Canada and it was approved in the US since 1995 (Soyouwanna, n. d. ). The number of patients increases every year and it is expected that over one million people have undergone the surgery in the United States. Normally, laser eye surgery is done by a licensed surgeon. Therefore, patients have remote chances of having complications. Actually with any surgical procedures, there are risks. People should understand any possible side effects or complications that might happen by undergoing laser eye surgery. With the rapid advancement of technology, the invention of laser eye surgery decreases the complication into a very low rate and it brings hope for those who are having eye sight problem. Nowadays, many scientists have invented new technologies in order to change the way the world operates. However, new technologies are not trustable. This is because people are unable to enhance the new technologies since they are all new. Even the professionals need some time to learn to utilize the new installations. The ability of a surgeon is more important than promoting the technology. Lack of ability and practice in handling new equipments might cause disastrous consequences to the patients. Insufficient of standard professionals also remain a difficulty for the department of ophthalmology. The ratio of ophthalmologists to population was 1:200,000 and that of mid-level ophthalmic personnel was 1:229,126 (Husainzada, 2007). The lack of human resources in eye care makes it unable to provide efficient eye medical services to the patients. This will likely affect the quality in delivering the medical care to the patients. At the same time, patients should do preparations before laser eye surgery. If people want to undergo laser eye surgery, they should find suitable qualified doctors. They should do more researches on surgical providers’ credentials and qualifications. The surgeon should be an experienced specialist. On the other fact is that if patients follow the instructions strictly, the complications can be reduced. Patients should know what they have to do or don’t for their surgery. With careful patient selection, reasonable expectations, and in the care of an experienced surgeon, most of the patients will be happy with their results (Randleman, n. d. ). Next, there are also some problems to be faced while considering laser eye surgery. Laser eye surgery can be the best way to restore one’s vision back to normal. Somehow, it may worsen the vision after undergoing laser eye surgery. For instance, glare is experienced by many laser eye surgery patients which results in decreased night vision (Dlxguard, n. d. ). They could not drive at night as they could not see clearly while they are driving. This condition could not be corrected by wearing glasses and contact lenses. Laser eye surgery, like any procedure, carries with it some degree of risk. On the other hand, side effects are uncommon and only happen on a small percentage of patients. There will be no significant vision loss if the condition is treated early. The procedure is generally accurate and precise because the laser is guided by a computer. According to a study done by at ARVO reporting on 1,510 eyes that underwent wavefront-guided LASIK using VisX CustomVue technology and IntraLase flaps and the results showed that 95. 6% of the eyes were 20/20 or better in three months (Helzner, 2010, cited in Dr. Probst, 2010). If the patients are really involved in any complications, enhancements can be done. Further treatment can improve the vision if it is treated early. Patients have to undergo additional surgery after initial surgery for a better vision. Somehow, most of the complications can be solved if it is discovered early. All in all, laser eye surgery not only increases a patient’s living convenience and comfort, it also provides surgical patients an improved lifestyle. In addition to that, it is highly effective and cost-efficient because it can reduce expenses in the long run. Hence, it is worth to pay for the surgery as it could change how a person sees the world differently with a perfect eye sight. The false beliefs of the risks of laser eye surgery should be corrected as people should understand that every surgical procedure has its risks. Nowadays, the technology has developed in many countries. This shows that the technology is trustable to be utilized as many safety measures are available. Patients should follow the precautionary steps to prevent any possible complications occur. Complications are rare. Even if it really happens, further treatment can be done. Therefore, laser eye surgery has become safer. In conclusion, laser eye surgery has beneficial effects for society and it is a better way to return their vision quickly. Eye is a unique creation of God. It is like a window that keeps us stay connected with this beautiful world to let us see what is happening around us. Nobody would ever want to be without vision. Hence, people should not neglect the importance of eye care. The discovery of laser eye surgery has revolutionized the eye care industry. Ever since, the laser eye surgery has become increasingly popular and people are looking forward for further improvement of laser eye surgery. The government and relevant authorities should implement strict regulatory enforcement, so as to ensure surgical providers comply with the required standards and safety measures. Individuals contemplating the surgery should also be aware of the potential risks and make informed decisions. Therefore, laser eye surgery should be encouraged as there are some beneficial effects for society, such as being highly economical and effective, improving patient’s appearance and productivity, as well as enhancing patient’s lifestyle.

Symbolism in Medieval Art

Symbolism in Medieval Art EVE IN MEDIEVAL ART Symbolism in the Medieval period had both theological and social meanings, and the figure of Eve demonstrates how these two kinds of meanings coexisted in a single symbolic form. Medieval symbolism almost always occurred in art that was commissioned by or for the churches. In religious terms, the art of the Middle Ages was meant to instruct people of all classes and to be an aid to prayer and the contemplation of religious ideas. But, as art historians have begun to point out, this art was also a system of visual signs that can be viewed in terms of role models, social practices, and an encoded value system of social mores (Alexander 1). In strictly theological terms, the character of Eve, the first woman, was used to symbolize the Fall of the human race. Eve ate the fruit of the tree of the knowledge of good and evil and persuaded Adam to eat it as well (Hall 4). This caused the human race to experience sin and evil. But Eve was also used as a symbol of the nature of women, seen as temptresses trying to lead men into sin. On seeing the figure of Eve as she was presented in Romanesque art, the viewer was reminded of the Fall, but, depending on how she was depicted, the viewer could also be reminded that women are weak-willed, deceitful seducers who are not to be trusted. The works that will be investigated to support this thesis, is Eve at the tympanum (c. 1125-1150) The theological and the social meanings of the symbol were not completely separate. The Church also seemed interested in promoting this misogynistic idea of women as a social value. But the meanings were separable, in the sense that, when Eve was used as the basic theological symbol of the Fall, the implications about the behavior of women in general did not have to be part of the symbol. In one sense, Medieval art consisted of a kind of sacred writing in which the identity or uses of certain pictorial elements were widely understood (MÃ ¢le, Medieval 267). MÃ ¢le gives the example of a halo which, when placed behind a persons head, indicates sainthood or holiness. In a more complicated example, a naked woman, with or without a snake or a tree, and holding a piece of fruit, would be known to be Eve. These particular attributes would be given to her when the temptation of Eve by Satan (and/or Eves temptation of Adam if he was present) was the subject being shownbut Eve could be shown in other situations as well. Medieval art is also a symbolic code, and, since the earliest times, Christian art had spoken in figures, showing men one thing and inviting them to see in it the figure of another (MÃ ¢le, Medieval 272). This means that, once the viewer identified Eves Temptation by her attributes of nakedness, the tree, the snake, and the fruit, then the viewer could move on to the understanding of what Eve, in this situation, symbolized. She symbolized the Fall of the human race, which was, because of her actions, condemned to suffering, pain, death, and sin. The human race could not be redeemed until Jesus suffered and died for all humanity and provided the means of obtaining, through the Church, eternal salvation. Thus, in its plain theological use, the figure of Eve was connected to the mission of the Church because her actions were responsible for making the Church necessary. For this reason, Medieval artists (or the people who planned the art of the churches) saw the Temptation as a foreshad owing of the Annunciation in which the Virgin Mary, as the New Eve, redeemed the sin of the old Eve (Hall 5). Petzold provides an example of this symbolic pairing of Eve and the Virgin Mary in Romanesque art. This is the sculpture on the tympanum (c. 1125-1150) over the doorway at the church of Neuilly-en-Donjon in France, where three interrelated scenes from the Bible show the three main archetypes of women: Eve, Mary Magdalen (a reformed adulteress), and the Virgin Mary (Petzold 123). The three women are all shown in relation to a man. In the bottom section of the sculpture (the lintel), Eve turns from the tree to tempt Adam with the fruit, and Mary Magdalen kneels in front of Jesus and anoints his feet and wipes them with her hair (Petzold 123). Above them, the main sculpture shows the Magi worshipping Jesus, who sits on Marys lap. Around Mary and Jesus, angels blow horns celebrating Marys triumph over sin. MÃ ¢le, commenting on this same sculpture, says that symbolically the work meant that woman, through whom sin came into the world [Eve] and by whom it was perpetuated [Mary Magdalen], is at last and forever rehabilitated by the Virgin (Religious 431). The same connection is made in another French church at Anzy-le-Duc, where the main tympanum sculpture shows the worship of the Magi on one side and Eve tempting Adam on the other. In the lower, lintel portion of the sculpture, heaven is shown beneath the Virgins side, and hell is shown beneath Eve (MÃ ¢le, Religious 432). These examples make clear Eves purely theological importance as a symbol clear. But, as MÃ ¢les explanation indicated, the Eve-Mary Magdalen-Virgin Mary symbolism had a message about women in general. Women as a group were believed to be prone to sin and to causing sin, especially sexual sin because they tempted men. St. Bernard (1091-1153), who was one of the most influential and eloquent orators and writers of his age, emphasized that Eves sin was the sin of all women. He said in a sermon that Eve was the original cause of all evil, whose disgrace has come down to all other women (quoted by Kraus 42). But St. Bernard was also a great promoter of the cult of the Virgin Mary, which was becoming very popular in the twelfth century. And, on the connection between Eve and Mary, he said, Rejoice, Eve, rejoice in such a daughter . . . Opprobrium has been wiped out; never again can woman be accused (quoted by MÃ ¢le, Religious 431). But, in actual practice, though they praised Mary, this did not much change the Churchs view of ordinary women as being sinful like Eve: In the glorification of the Virgin, it was the Woman-Without-Sin, the non-woman Woman, the anti-Eve that was revered (Kraus 46). The extent to which Mary was not like a real woman was considered worthy of praise. Petzold notes that, since this misogynistic view of women was often part of the Churchs message, the symbolism of Eve was expanded so that images of her in art frequently stress her role as a sexual temptress (124). In this role, Eve becomes a symbol of the sinful nature of all women. Her role in theologically important events does not require this interpretation at all (although her feminine weakness was always implied by the Bible story). But, in the Middle Ages, this interpretation of Eve was quite popular. Petzold points out the representation of Eve in this character in another Romanesque church in France, the Autun Cathedral. In a fragment of sculpture by Gislebertus from around 1130, Eve is shown naked and nearly lying down, supported only by her knees and one elbow. The position may refer to the story that God punished her by making her crawl on the ground like the snake who tempted her. But what is most striking about the Autun Eve is that, at a time when nudity was rare in art, the sinuous figure of Eve, with her rounded breasts, is one of the most erotically charged images in Romanesque art, and she is portrayed not so much as [a] sinner but as [a] temptress who invite[s] Adam, and by implication men in general, to commit sin (Petzold 125). At this time, the Church was trying to enforce strict celibacy on priests and monks, and stressing the sinfulness of sexual relations and of women in general probably was part of that effort (Petzold 125). But, as Kraus shows, the figure of Eve was the model for the various sculptures of the vice of Unchastity, or Lust, which one finds on so many church facades of the twelfth century and is invariably a woman, while the typically male vice, on the other hand, is either Pride or Avarice (42). The overall impression of women was of their complete inability to resist their sexual urges and their deep desire to draw men into sin. But, while all this did aid the Church in its attempt to induce celibacy in priests, it was hardly the kind of teaching calculated to spread affection for the wives and mothers in the audience (Kraus 44). This is what is meant by the social meanings of Medieval symbolism. As Alexander explains it, these images functioned to provide role models to sections of the Christian community, and the Church used various artistic means to intervene in the society in a variety of contexts (1). One of the methods that was used was repetition. MÃ ¢le pointed out how repetition of images ensured that every member of the potential audience would be sufficiently familiar with the various figures and their attributes to recognize an Eve with her apple or a saint with her halo (Medieval 267). But, in addition to familiarity with the elements of the stories, the visual messages were hammered home by their iconographical similarity until they were taken for granted and thus became an unquestioned part of everyday experience (Alexander 1). One of the most shocking images of Eve is found in a series of relief sculptures showing the expulsion of Adam and Eve from the Garden of Paradise (from the twelfth century, at the French church of Notre-Dame-du-Port, at Clermont-Ferrand). In these sculptures, Adam hurls wailing Eve to the ground, kicks her, and drags her by the hair in a series of realistic gestures that may Maghave been inspired by a religious play, Le Jeu dAdam et Eve, that was performed both inside and outside of many churches (Kraus 44). The connection between such representations of Eve-Woman as deserving of this kind of treatment and an official sanctioning of such behavior by men toward their wives is not difficult to make. Some lines of the Adam and Eve play read, Oh, evil woman full of treason / Forever contrary to reason, / Bringing no man good in any season: / Our childrens children to the end of time / Will feel the cruel whiplash of your crime (quoted by Kraus 44). St. Bernards sermons, a popular play, and repeated artistic representations of Eve as the source of evil all combine to show how this symbol had a clear social meaning as well as a theological meaning. Though the Church was not the only source of such misogyny, it was an active promoter of the feeling, and the effects of the social meaning of the Eve symbol are, in part, still present today. Works Cited Alexander, Jonathan J. G. Iconography and Ideology: Uncovering Social Meanings in Western Medieval Christian Art. Studies in Iconography 15 (1993): 1-44. Hall, James. Subjects and Symbols in Art. 2nd ed. New York: Icon-Harper and Row, 1979. Kraus, Henry. The Living Theatre of Medieval Art. Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1967. MÃ ¢le, Emile. Medieval Iconography. Ancient Egypt through the Middle Ages. Vol. 1 of Readings in Art History. New York: Scribners Sons, 1969. 265-91. The Twelfth Century: A Study in the Origins of Medieval Iconography. Vol. 1 of Religious Art in France. Princeton: Princeton UP, 1978. Petzold, Andreas. Romanesque Art. New York: Perspectives-Abrams, 1995. Â © K C Research Assistance, Inc., 1997

Latin America: A Legacy of Oppression Essay -- essays research papers

Latin America: A Legacy of Oppression When the Europeans first arrived in Latin America, they didn’t realize the immensity of their actions. As history has proven, the Europeans have imposed many things on the Latin American territory have had a long, devastating effect on the indigenous people. In the centuries after 1492, Europeans would control much of South America and impose a foreign culture upon the already established civilizations that existed before their arrival. These imposed ideas left the continent weak and resulted in the loss of culture, the dependence on European countries, and a long standing ethnic tension between natives and settlers which is evident even to this day. The indigenous people of South America, which included the Aztec, Olmec, and the Maya cultures of Central America and the Inca of South America, had developed complex civilizations, which made use of calendars, mathematics, writing, astronomy, the arts, and architecture. Unfortunately for them, the Europeans cared little about the culture they would be obliterating, and cared more about their own ulterior motives. Before the influence of the Europeans, the different tribes scattered throughout Latin America would be viewed by â€Å"western† standards as somewhat barbaric. The European friars were horrified by native practices and felt obligated to â€Å"eliminate† them. (Gibson 72) An extremely Christianized view of the natives was formed which viewed them as ignorant pagans. Some accounts reported that, â€Å"The natives were so savage and stupid as to be beyond belief. For the say, these early tribes were bestial, and that many ate human flesh; others taking their mothers and daughters for their wives, besides committing other great sins, having much intercourse with the devil, who they served and held in high esteem†(Hanson 29). This extremely biased thinking was common in the era of colonization among settled Europeans and sparked a crusade of Christianity on the aboriginal tribes to â€Å"westernize† their civilizations. The Europeans felt free to do this because they â€Å"found no native tradition worth preserving and where the Indian element was absorbed almost imperceptibly into the alien† (Salas 42). The European powers hid under a veil of Christianity to gain support for the underlying atrocities they were committing to the people of Latin America. The European government’s main goal ... ...s, 1966 Hanson, Earl Parker. South from the Spanish Main, Delacorte Press, 1967 "Latin America." Encarta. CD-ROM. Seattle: Microsoft, 2001. Leon, Juana Ponce de. Our Word is Our Weapon, Seven Stories Press, 2001 Liss, Peggy K. and Liss, Sheldon B. Man, State, and Society in Latin America, Praeger Publishers, 1972 Lyon, Patricia J. Native South Americans: Ethnology of the Least Known Continent, Little, Brown and Company, 1974 McDonald, Ronald H. and Ruhl, J. Mark. Party Politics and Elections in Latin America, Westview Press, 1989 â€Å"The Peace of Latin America.† National Geographic October 1905: 479-480 Picon-Salas, Mariano. A Cultural History of Spanish America, University of California Press, 1963 Radin, Paul. Indians of South America, Doubleday, Doran & Company, Inc., 1942 Ribeiro, Claudio de Oliveira. â€Å"Has Liberation Theology Died?† The Ecumenical Review Jul. 1999: 304 Toplin, Robert Brent. Slavery and Race Relations in Latin America, Greenwood Press, 1940 Veliz, Claudio. The Centralist Tradition of Latin America, Princeton University Press, 1980

Language Acquisition :: essays research papers fc

CONTENT Introduction †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦......†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3 Main body 1. Language acquisition †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦.†¦.......†¦Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  4 2. The stages of language acquisition †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦....†¦......†¦..   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  5 2.1. The prelinguistic stage †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦.........†¦...........†¦Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  7 2.2. Babbling †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦........†¦...........†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  7 2.3. One-word utterances †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦....†¦...........†¦Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  9 2.4. Two-word utterances †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..............†¦..†¦....   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  10 2.5. Telegraphic speech †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦........†¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  13 2.6. Language learning during the pre-school period †¦..  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  16 3. The critical period †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.......†¦   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  17 4. The summary of behaviours to expect of children with normally developing speech and language †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  19 5. The language acquisition cannot be sped up †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  20 6. Tips to help develop speech communication in a child †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  22 Conclusion †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  24 Bibliography †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  25 INTRODUCTION   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Children’s acquisition of language has long been considered one of the uniquely defining characteristics of human behaviour.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Still today, it is the commonly held belief that children acquire their mother tongue through imitation of the parents, caregivers or the people in their environment. Linguists too had the same conviction until 1957, when a then relatively unknown man, A. Noam Chomsky, propounded his theory that the capacity to acquire language is in fact innate. This revolutionized the study of language acquisition, and after a brief period of controversy upon the publication of his book, Aspects of the Theory of Syntax, in 1964, his theories are now generally accepted as largely true. As a consequence, he was responsible for the emergence of a new field during the 1960s, Developmental Psycholinguistics, which deals with children’s first language acquisition. He was not the first to question our hitherto mute acceptance of a debatable concept – long before, Plato wondered how children could possibly acquire so complex a skill as language with so little experience of life. Experiments have clearly identified an ability to discern syntactical nuances in very young infants, although they are still at the pre-linguistic stage. Children of three, however, are able to manipulate very complicated syntactical sentences, although they are unable to tie their own shoelaces, for example. Indeed, language is not a skill such as many others, like learning to drive or perform mathematical operations – it cannot be taught as such in these early stages. Rather, it is the acquisition of language which fascinates linguists today, and how it is possible. Noam Chomsky turned the world’s eyes to this enigmatic question at a time when it was assumed to have a deceptively simple explanation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Further in this term-paper I am going to describe the stages in child language acquistion starting from the very birth of an infant till the onset of puberty. LANGUAGE ACQUISTION There are many facts that are intriguing about the language.

Health Care Communication Technology

Health care communication technology is rapidly advancing. New modes of communication in the health care arena are making it easier for the patient and the physician to communicate in a more effective manner. With the technological advancements that have taken place over the past decade, communication has evolved from handwritten charts to completely paperless electronic communication. Whereas before, correspondence could have taken days or weeks, information can now be transmitted in a matter of seconds.The implementation of Electronic Medical Records (EMR) has allowed patients to be involved in their health care, the system enables physicians to record patient histories, enter orders, display test results, write prescriptions, and print patient instructions and educational materials (Makoul, G. , Curry, R. , & Tang, P. 2001). The electronic medical record is much more efficient to the patient; the patient no longer has to wait until the report is filed in chart to obtain results.It allows the patients information to be securely accessed by the physician and shared with a specialist for consultation. With access to vital information such as diagnosis, allergies, medications, treatments, and other medical information the patient is able to participate and be accountable for their health care needs. In 1996, The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) were created to ensure privacy and confidentiality of patient’s medical information.The Administrative Simplification provisions of HIPAA were designed to improve the quality of health care and simplify the management of health information. Because the potential for identity theft is increasing with web-based programs, the importance of maintaining confidentiality is critical. One aspect relating to the values and importance of maintaining patient confidentiality when using EMR is trust.Despite concerns regarding breaches of confidentiality and computer systems,  patient feel that if th ey can trust their physician, then they would trust the provider with their medical information, as well as its storage and use in a computer network (Whetten-Goldstein, Nguyen, and Sugarman, 2001). Although there are many different modes of communication between the patient and the physician, such as email, texting, web based forums or electronic medical records all have the same thing in common, that is interaction between the patient and the physician. EMR is unique in that it offers features that lead to increased patient safety.Many of the other forms of communication do not have a continuous safety feature that EMR has. The overall safety of patients through reduced medical mistakes, built in reminders and alerts, the detection of potential drug interactions, it makes errors more difficult for physicians to commit (Spratt, A. D. and Dickson, K. E. 2008). Media and social networking has changed communication in health care. Information is accessed and shared in a matter of seco nds from all over the world. â€Å"The internet providesmarketers and consumers with opportunities for much greater interaction and individualization† (Kotler, Shalowitz, & Stevens, 2008, p. 463). Social networking holds considerable potential value for how patients research their health care issues. If a patient is looking for others with the same medical condition, they can find support and share their findings with anyone around the world. Many organizations are creating Facebook pages to market services they provide, introduce new staff, give news updates, or advertise new products.This type of social networking caters to the younger generation that prefers searching the web over reading an ad in a newspaper or magazine. As technology becomes accessible to most people, printed advertisement will be seen as a nuisance rather than a form of communication. Advancing technologies in health care are increasing, allowing information to be accessed in a matter of seconds. The me dia and social networking that allows organizations to communicate with consumer has become individualized to their needs.Organizations must use these tools to encourage communication by inviting suggestions, questions or even complaints via the website from consumers. Communication in health care has benefited from this technology; it has improved the interaction between the patient and the physician. Communication modes used in health care are reducing the risk of errors and increasing workflow. Electronic medical records offers features that lead to increased patient safety, including fewer medical mistakes, the detection of potential drug interactions, and improved maintenance of chronic conditions.

Term Paper Proposal on Parthenon

Paper Proposal Name of Student: Class, date & school: Subject: Tentative title: ARC 2701 – History of Architecture I On-line Class – Spring 2013 Florida International University The Parthenon, Iktinos and Kallilrates, Athens, Greece, 447 – 432 B. C. E. â€Å"The Architectural Perfection of The Parthenon† Description: The Parthenon has the reputation of being â€Å"the most perfect Doric temple ever built. † And by looking at it with the naked eye, one could most certainly agree.A closer look at the Parthenon’s structure and proportions reveals that there is not a single straight line within the temple; that small fact alone is what sparked my interest in this topic. The genius architects truly out did themselves with the clever use of optical refinements to create a structure that truly resembled perfection. This section will examine the architectural uses of entasis and the various other methods of optical trickery present in the Parthenon.T he skillful approach at these methods by the architects is responsible for the aesthetic perfection of the structure. In addition, I will explore the geometric irregularity that starts at the base, or stylobate of the structure and is a common theme carried on throughout the Parthenon. The temple begins with a foundation that is only of rectangular origin and more resembles a dome shaped floor. I will continue to explore the slight adaptions made by Iktinos and Kallikrates to further perfect the internal structure of the temple.These adaptions include small details of varying column diameter and spacing due to the positioning and lighting of the columns in reference to the structure. These minute modifications and illusions created by the architects were able to keep the Parthenon’s structure seemingly perfect regardless of the time of day, or angle the structure was being viewed from. Lastly, I will explore even more subtle features that truly awe the minds of admirers. Thes e include the specific positioning of corner columns with platforms lower to the ground than those in the middle.Along with examination of the columns out on the peristyle as they are tapered and slightly curved towards the top giving viewers an image where the columns seem thicker and swollen towards the roof, seeming as if the columns are distressed just by supporting the massive weight of the roof. These perfect imperfections and optical illusions put into place by Iktinos and Kallicrates are what make the Parthenon the pinnacle of Greek temple architecture.Bibliography: Darling, Janina K. Architecture of Greece. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press, 2004. Dinsmoor, William B, and William J. Anderson. The Architecture of Ancient Greece: An Account of Its Historic Development. London: Batsford, 1950. Lawrence, A W. Greek Architecture. Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin Books, 1967. Rhodes, Robin F. Architecture and Meaning on the Athenian Acropolis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press , 1995.